Tematy i Konteksty 11(16) 2021

URI dla tej Kolekcjihttp://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/7160

Przeglądaj

Aktualnie wyświetlane 1 - 20 z 42

Literatura wobec kryzysu epidemii
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Trościński, Grzegorz
This article was written as a preface to a thematic issue of „Tematy i Konteksty” entitled “Literature in the face of epidemic crisis”. It is the essay addressing the impact, which COVID-19 virus has had on contemporary man and the reality surrounding him. The author, in his deliberations, focused on many aspects of the pandemic: medical, sociological, philosophical, psychological and cultural. A very important element of the essay is an attempt of capture universal social-cultural mechanisms, which are distinctive to a time of pandemic. Another crucial issue addressed in this essay is tracing the cultural and literary paradigms, which are followed in both social and individual aspects of time of pandemic. The other essential matter which was looked into are people’s attitudes taken towards virus itself, other people and themselves.
Leprosus i księżna. Pielęgnacja zakaźnie chorych w świetle dokumentów z procesu kanonizacyjnego św. Elżbiety Węgierskiej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Puchalska-Dąbrowska, Bernadetta M.
The aim of the article is to present the image of the care of the infectiously ill in the documents of the canonization process of St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1207–1231). The material under discussion includes the testimonies of the saint’s spiritual director Conrad of Marburg, her four servants and additional hagiographical material. The accounts made by direct observers of the duchess’ life emphasize the variety of forms of her involvement in the care of lepers and suffering from diseases that cause similar symptoms, arousing disgust in people from her surroundings. The narrative, rich in drastic details, plays the role of a hagiographic argumentatio illustrating the heroism of the central character of the testimonies.
Czarna śmierć i lekcja życia – dwie odsłony
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Salwa, Piotr
The essay confronts two ways in which the Black Death motif is used in two 14-Century Italian collections of novellas. In Giovanni Boccaccio’s “Decameron” the pestilence means the crisis of civilized forms of collective life, the decay of social relations and moral disarray. The protagonists in a sublime way reconstruct various forms of “art de vivre” distancing themselves from the brutal reality. Giovanni Sercambi perceive the plague as a divine punishment that strikes the entire society for collective sins. The only way of salvation is a pilgrimage-penance, and later the acceptance of a new political regime, in which all the power belongs to a preposto, elected for life, and the citizens are interested only in their private affairs and respect of severe moral principles.
Chorobotwórcza moc komet. O poszukiwaniu przyczyn morów w piśmiennictwie staropolskim
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Piskała, Magdalena
Rapidly spreading and ravaging diseases were not a rarity in Old Poland. The medical knowledge of the era could not properly explain the nature of infectious diseases and the mechanism of their spreading, so there were many different attempts at explaining their causes. Some suspected their enemies and infidels of poisoning air and water; others attributed pestilence to God’s wrath or to unfavourable configurations of heavenly bodies that were said to bring misfortune. The most devastating effects were attributed to comets; a comet’s appearance was seen either as a sign or as a cause of impending disasters, which, apart from pestilent air, included earthquakes, deaths of kings, wars, and tumults. Astrological explanation of the plagues proved to be very persistent and became a stock motif in the literature devoted to the subject, which, however, does not mean that it was accepted without criticism.
Morowe powietrze w perspektywie uniwersalnej: Kronika, to jest historyja świata (1564) Marcina Bielskiego
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Śnieżko, Dariusz
The article deals with the informations of pestilences in Chronicle that is the History of the Whole World (1564) by Marcin Bielski. The following issues have been taken under examination: ranges of pestilences, their causes, the ways of therapy, metaphors of infections, narrative forms of records and their modalities.
„Parthenopea lues”, czyli o ostatecznym rozstaniu z Lidią. Glosa do elegii III 17 Jana Kochanowskiego
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Rusnak, Radosław
The author gathers and scrutinizes the cases in which Jan Kochanowski, the most prominent poet of the Polish Renaissance, mentions Naples or Campania, one of his destinations while travelling through Italy in 1555. One of the designations in question appears to be „Parthenopea lues” from his Latin elegy III 17, a periphrastic term for syphilis, a disastrous veneral disease which truly decimated the population of then Europeans. It’s mentioned as part of a long tirade against a woman who, according to the poet’s wishes, is going to pay high price for her wrongdoings, especially those against love. The ultimate punishment she will suffer, right before immersing herself in the abyss of Tartarus, will be, devastating for her health, „morbus gallicus”. The paper ponders on the right identification of the female protagonist of the elegy, taking into consideration the existing theories about it as well as comments on a peculiar name syphilis was given by the poet and the medical knowledge he shares with a reader.
Literacka rama wydawnicza w edycji dzieła Malchera Piotrkowity pt. „Przeciw morowemu powietrzu przestroga”
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Sitkowa, Anna
In the article, the research is devoted to the study of titling press, stemmat, an inscription letter and a preface to the reader, constituting the literary framework of the only work known today by Malcher Piotrkowita, Jan Kostka’s court physician, voivode of Sandomierz. A warning against miasmas, issued after January 5, 1579, has survived till today in a unique form, belonging to the collection of the National Museum in Krakow / The Princes Czartoryski Museum. Piotrkowita’s book has not yet become an object of detailed studies, although, according to the author, it was the first comprehensive guide for the time of the plague, written by a Pole in his national language.
Epidemie dalekie i bliskie: mór pod piramidami i w wiejskiej chacie w XVI wieku – Mikołaja Krzysztofa Radziwiłła „Peregrynacyja do Ziemi Świętej…" i „Victoria deorum” Sebastiana Fabiana Klonowica – konwencje opisu na tle literatury klasycznej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Kuran, Michał
The aim of the article is to present outlook specificity to the topic of epidemics process described in two works Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł’s “Peregrination to the Holy Land” and “Victoria deorum” of Sebastian Fabian Klonowic on the background of Thucydides, Lucretius, Ovid and Boccacio. As the contexts are summoned relations of Homer and Virgil. Elements creating convention are following: description of symptoms, treatment attempts, medics’ hopelessness, mass death of population, consequences of social stratification during the plague, an increase of religious worship or escape into hedonistic use of life, loosening moral principles, population migrations, families’ fall, lack of respect for bodies and mass burials. Radziwiłł describes, from a distant perspective, a several-year dynamics of the epidemic’s development largely omitting conventions, Klonowic focuses on its process among the poorer classes, only partially taking up well known plots. Referring to literary tradition, he introduces new ones.
Literackie obrazy epidemii o proweniencji szkolnej z XVII i XVIII wieku (wybrane zagadnienia)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Mieszek, Małgorzata
The subject of the article are literary images of the epidemic contained in works originating from the academic environment. Among the analysed texts are occasional works devoted to students who died due to the plague (a sermon by a Dominican, Michał Wojniłowicz; a poem in poem by a professor of the Krakow Academy – Paweł Zapartowic). They fit into the panegyric convention, but at the same time revealed the medical awareness of the time (symptoms of infection, hygienic and medical procedures conducted on the patient) and the personal involvement of the teachers. The second group of analysed texts consists of plays staged on the Piarist and Jesuit colleges’ stages. They are related to the cult of „the plague saints”. They also deal with the theme of plague as a form of punishment for sins that affects some antagonists. In some plays, personifications of natural disasters and epidemics are used. The article revealed that there were relatively few literary images of the plague related to the academic environment. The causes of epidemics and the methods of their prevention were much more often mentioned in handbooks and calendars, available to the general public. The community of students and teachers was rather active in the religious field, acting in associations and congregations, as well as participating in propitiatory services and processions.
Sebastiana Petrycego z Pilzna pouczenia „jak się zachować czasu moru” – instrukcja, nauka czy poradnik? Rekonesans badawczy historyka literatury
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Wichowa, Maria
Sebastian Petrycy from Pilzno was one of the most eminent doctors in the Renaissance Poland, an outstanding intellectual active in several areas of knowledge. A graduate of the Krakow Academy. In 1589 he went to Padua to study medicine, which he probably started in Poland, because he had completed the Padua studies with a doctorate already in 1590. In terms of science, the medicine of Padua was very innovative. After returning to Poland, he was employed at the Krakow Academy, he lectured at the Faculty of Artium. In 1608 he became a professor at the Faculty of Medicine at the Krakow Academy and began teaching. He was a very popular and respected doctor, cared for both elite and poor patients. Petrycy left behind a rich literary output, incl. “Instructia or learning guide on how to exercise the time of moor” (Krakow 1613). However, the publication of the Krakow medic is clearly not a “pure”, classic instruction, it clearly has an “admixture” of the guide’s features. That is why considering the genological problems of this text is the subject of the philologist’s analysys. The specific genre syncretism of Petrycy’s “Instruction…” was demonstrated, the work was examined in terms of literary communication, the dependence assumed by the author between the recipient and sender, and therefore the dialogical nature of the text, the transmission of instructions, advice and tips was analyzed. It was established that the “Instruction…” is not characterized by “purity” of genre, that it evidently has a mixture of the features of science and a guide.
O perswazji w staropolskich poradnikach przeciwdżumowych
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Walińska, Marzena
The aim of the article is to analyse the anti-plague handbooks from the 16th and 17th centuries as persuasive texts. The exemplification material consists of works diversified in terms of structure, style and volume, written by Piotr Umiastowski, Sebastian Petrycy from Pilzno, Marcin from Klecko and Paweł Lubiecki. The analysis of the texts and elements of the literary and editorial framework shows how the authors defined the audience and adapted the text to it on the level of inventio (argumentation based on ethos, arguments from authority and from example) and dispositio. The methods and means recommended in the anti-pest manuals could not – from the perspective of today’s medical knowledge – be effective in combating the epidemic. Still, the texts undoubtedly allowed to tackle the phenomenon and to give spiritual support to the sick and threatened.
Wywoływanie chorób przez czarownice – poglądy uczestnika procesów czarownic (przypadek Czarownicy powołanej)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Kochan, Anna
Published in 1639, the anonymous “Czarownica powołana” is a work addressed to judges dealing with proceedings in witchcraft cases. Its author, probably a clergyman, participated in such trials. Unlike many works of this kind, it did not encourage the tracking and killing of witches. “Czarownica powołana” belongs to a different trend and in many places is similar to the treatise of the German Jesuit Friedrich Spee, who was afraid of the rash condemnation of superstitious people who had nothing to do with practicing black magic. In “Czarownica powołana” the existence of witches and sorcery is not questioned, because it is considered to be a devilish science, which leads to making a pact with the devil with the ability to act in the world. Illness or death in connection with the accusation of witchcraft had serious consequences, including establishing who and how the witch had harmed. In the era of the plague epidemic, fear of strangers led to numerous massacres, especially in German cities, where the spread of the plague was explained more often than elsewhere by poisoning the wells by Jews, who were also burdened with engaging in magic and negotiating with the devil. The author was aware that some associate every disease with witchcraft. The devil can also cheat, making a person think that what he dreamed really happened, and people deluded by fantasies are willing to share these stories also in court during a trial. The author of “Czarownica powołana” was aware of this mechanism because he was concerned with the accusation itself (“powołanie”). In this context, “Czarownica powołana” – despite the author’s conviction about the existence of witches and their ability to cause disease and elementary disasters - is a progressive work, but this is evidenced by the lawyer’s dilemmas, not the priest’s fears.
Chłodno i rzeczowo. Kazimierz Sarnecki o chorobach na dworze Jana III Sobieskiego
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Ślęczka, Tomasz
This article addresses the question of illness, as discussed in the writings of Kazimierz Sarnecki, an envoy of Lithuanian Chancellor Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, residing at King Jan III Sobieski’s court. Sarnecki’s primary task was to take note of all happenings at King Sobieski’s court, focusing mainly on the king’s health, but including also other matters, some of them of little importance. Sarnecki regularly kept Radziwiłł up-to-date through diary entries sent together with a separate cover letter, usually of considerable length. In his diary, Sarnecki detailed the King’s state of health, starting each entry with a short description of what the King was doing and how he felt and only then proceeding to report on other events. Subsequently, he also included information on Queen Maria Kazimiera, the King’s sister Katarzyna Radziwiłłowa née Sobieska (mother of Karol Stanisław), the royal couple’s children (Jakub, Teresa Kunegunda, Aleksander and Konstanty), as well as other members of the court and visitors. He also noted down anecdotes, often loosely connected with medicine. When Kazimierz himself fell seriously ill, he did not seek his patron’s compassion, but assured that despite his illness, he would discharge his duties with the help of third parties, so that Radziwiłł’s interests would not be harmed. His notes are always written in a cold and terse tone, devoid of commentary and empathy. Even those passages which concern him personally are free of emotion.
Literatura staropolska wobec problemu zła. Uwagi wstępne
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Lasocińska, Estera
The article discusses the old Polish ways of explaining evil. The first part briefly presents the philosophical theories struggling with the problem of its existence and origin: Aristotelianism, Platonism, Stoicism and Epicureanism. It was found that the reception of these views can be traced in selected texts of the old Polish literature. Therefore, in the second and third parts of the article, appropriate analyses were carried out on the basis of the literary material provided by “Elegia IV 3” and the epigram “O żywocie ludzkim” (I 101) by Jan Kochanowski, as well as “Tobiasz wyzwolony” and “Adverbia moralia” by Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski. They focus primarily on the problem of suffering leading to the question of the essence of God, who, being the omnipotent Creator of the world, is also responsible for the presence of evil in it. Using the Epicurean theory of indifferent deities, Kochanowski presents, close to deism, the concept of the Creator acting for Himself and from heaven viewing His work with the Artist’s eye; Lubomirski, on the other hand, stands on the side of theism and assumes that God is the Creator of good, and that evil only allows the wise man to achieve perfection with His help.
Anatomia epidemii. Intelektualna walka Grzegorza Piramowicza z zarazą ospy prawdziwej w kontekście wypowiedzi Woltera i Tissota
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Pawlata, Małgorzata
The subject of the article is the attempt to spread vaccinations against smallpox undertaken by the circle of intellectuals gathered around king Stanislav August Poniatowski. There are two aspects described in the article. Educating the society by publishing effects of work conducted by doctors in Western Europe based on observations of medicine in the Far and Middle East. The second aspect is popularizing healthy behaviours amongst the readers of magazines and newspapers in the Stanislaw August Poniatowaski Era namely encouragement to vaccinate. The article is concentrated on the analysis of writings by Grzegorz Piramowicz published in “Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne” (Pleasant and Useful Games)” inspired by the Voltaire’s letter “On smallpox vaccinating”.
Dlaczego należy się bać? O uczuciach towarzyszących epidemii i zaleceniach w czasie jej trwania według „Przestrogi i lekarstwa na choroby z zarazy morowego powietrza pochodzące” Franciszka Ksawerego Ryszkowskiego
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Kocela, Weronika
The article analyzes the text of one of the many medical handbooks published in Poland in the second half of the 18th century. It concerns emotions and feelings accompanying a person during an epidemic, as well as problems and difficulties that he had to overcome. It also introduces the commonly functioning opinions of doctors about the plague and ways to fight it. The text should also be considered as an attempt to explain the reactions, behaviors and adopting specific attitudes – both of the sick and those managing the specific organization of social life during an epidemic.
Uwagi o podróży Juliana Ursyna Niemcewicza po Litwie w 1819 roku
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Chachaj, Małgorzata
In 1819, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz took a journey around Lithuania. It was the sixth of his historical trips. The author summed up his observations of the state of Lithuania in following words: “How many dangerous, contagious diseases affect this part of the political body of our homeland!” The „plague” metaphor is developed further in the discussion. Niemcewicz describes “epidemics” that destroy society and the state, causing effects that are equally or more dangerous than material losses visible at first glance. He points to “plagues” resulting from political oppression and violence of invader on various levels of social life, as well as unwanted changes that dependent on the will of a man who succumbs to destructive influences.
Panegiryk z epidemią w tle. Ignacego Szydłowskiego „Oda na pamiątkę urodzin doktora Jennera, wynalazcy wakcyny, obchodzoną przez Cesarskie Towarzystwo Medyczne w Wilnie d. 6 maja 1820”
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Podolska, Paulina
The text concerns the “Ode in Memory of Doctor Jenner, the Inventor of the Vaccine, Celebrated by the Medical Association in Vilnius…” [pol. „Oda na pamiątkę urodzin doktora Jennera, wynalazcy wakcyny, obchodzoną przez Cesarskie Towarzystwo Medyczne w Wilnie…”], written in 1820 by forgotten Lithuanian poet, Ignacy Szydlowski. This poem, delivered in front of the Medical Association in Vilnius and reprinted at least fourfold, was dedicated to the memory of the English doctor and originator of vaccination against smallpox. Therefore, it belongs to the post-partition poetry devoted to works of famous personalities of the world of science. The article includes analysis and interpretation of Szydłowski’s poem in the light of Polish and European encomiastic tradition. The primary aim of this consideration is to show the real implication that panegiryc poetic have on literary image of epidemic.
Biedermeierowskie świadectwo zarazy – „Granit” Adalberta Stiftera
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Mazur, Aneta
The following article is an introduction to the Adalbert Stifter’s short story entitled “Granite” in Polish translation. The article explains the political and cultural origin of the work, its poetical form, its ethical and philosophical meaning. The “Granite”, included in the short story collection (Colorful Stones, 1853) is considered to be an important declaration of Biedermeier movement in Austria, its aesthetic as well as its ethic tradition, manifest of which was so-called „Gentle Law” (das sanfte Gesetz), i.e. an ordered existence harmony and an unspectacular, daily practising the humanism in the personal, country and social life. In Stifter’s piece it concerns also an extraordinary case of the epidemic, which did plagued the Bohemian countryside in the 18th century. The story plot being based on local oral tradition, presents how adult’s and children’s characters react the hazards and challenges they must confront during the illness. Playing with several allusions (such as biblical, philosophical, scientific, legendary ones) the “Granite” concludes with two distinctive thesis: the only way to survive the plague is acting with human dignity and altruistically; the survive means an irrational and paradoxical experience. The „epidemic” motive – due to historical fact, at the same time the figure of a catastrophe, of a test, of an initiation into dark rules of history and nature as well – is sophisticatedly articulated, using different text construction, plot and narrative levels or implied meanings of the work (the titel motive of „granite”, a motive of volcanic catastrophe, plays a role in all of them). There is a kind of misterious interpretative ambiguity in Adalbert Stifter’s work till now – “Granite” is to understand as a Biedermeier idyll; as an evidence of author’s world view; as a documented case of the epidemic in Boccaccio style; as a parable about humanity at the crucial moment of the life; and, finally, as a short story masterpiece.
Tyfus, ospa, cholera i inne choroby jako doświadczenia polskich zesłańców na Syberii w XIX wieku
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Chrostek, Mariusz
The article deals with the problem of the diseases suffered by Polish political exiles in Siberia, as well as the associated treatment methods and circumstances (the role of doctors, hospitals, aid from other Polish citizens and the local population). We learn from the preserved diaries, journals and letters that the exiles would fall ill both during the murderous march to Siberia (thousands of kilometers crossed on foot, harsh winters, malnutrition, disastrous hygienic conditions in the sleeping quarters) and in their places of forced settlement. The exiles fell victim to epidemics (typhus, cholera, smallpox, scurvy) and other diseases, some of which unknown to European medicine. Further on, we learn about Russian hospitals whose gruesome conditions only accelerated the death of patients (dirt, stench, spoiled food, lack of care and medications, killing the sick in order to rob them). The worst of all those facilities were military field hospitals (victims dying of terrible flogging, the highest mortality). Polish exiled doctors, much better educated and prepared for the profession than Russian doctors, were often the only ones in various parts of Siberia who were able to cure many of the diseases and even fight epidemics. They would conduct extensive medical practices, treating their compatriots mostly without charge; they also helped many Russians and ethnic peoples (e.g. Benedykt Dybowski, Wacław Lasocki). Conventional methods of treatment, mentioned by the exiles throughout the 19th century, included: bloodletting, causing diarrhea, vomiting and sweats, as well as applying skin-irritating patches or medicines based on herbs and rectified spirit. In the paper, we also learn about non-conventional methods of healing. Where there were no doctors to be found, we discover the secrets of folk medicine. We explore with admiration the moods and attitudes of Poles in the face of serious diseases – the extraordinary solidarity between the exiles, their self-sacrifice and willpower (incessantly caring for the sick).

Przeglądaj

Przeglądanie Tematy i Konteksty 11(16) 2021 według Data dodania