Tematy i Konteksty 11(16) 2021

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Sebastiana Petrycego z Pilzna pouczenia „jak się zachować czasu moru” – instrukcja, nauka czy poradnik? Rekonesans badawczy historyka literatury
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Wichowa, Maria
Sebastian Petrycy from Pilzno was one of the most eminent doctors in the Renaissance Poland, an outstanding intellectual active in several areas of knowledge. A graduate of the Krakow Academy. In 1589 he went to Padua to study medicine, which he probably started in Poland, because he had completed the Padua studies with a doctorate already in 1590. In terms of science, the medicine of Padua was very innovative. After returning to Poland, he was employed at the Krakow Academy, he lectured at the Faculty of Artium. In 1608 he became a professor at the Faculty of Medicine at the Krakow Academy and began teaching. He was a very popular and respected doctor, cared for both elite and poor patients. Petrycy left behind a rich literary output, incl. “Instructia or learning guide on how to exercise the time of moor” (Krakow 1613). However, the publication of the Krakow medic is clearly not a “pure”, classic instruction, it clearly has an “admixture” of the guide’s features. That is why considering the genological problems of this text is the subject of the philologist’s analysys. The specific genre syncretism of Petrycy’s “Instruction…” was demonstrated, the work was examined in terms of literary communication, the dependence assumed by the author between the recipient and sender, and therefore the dialogical nature of the text, the transmission of instructions, advice and tips was analyzed. It was established that the “Instruction…” is not characterized by “purity” of genre, that it evidently has a mixture of the features of science and a guide.
Literackie obrazy epidemii o proweniencji szkolnej z XVII i XVIII wieku (wybrane zagadnienia)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Mieszek, Małgorzata
The subject of the article are literary images of the epidemic contained in works originating from the academic environment. Among the analysed texts are occasional works devoted to students who died due to the plague (a sermon by a Dominican, Michał Wojniłowicz; a poem in poem by a professor of the Krakow Academy – Paweł Zapartowic). They fit into the panegyric convention, but at the same time revealed the medical awareness of the time (symptoms of infection, hygienic and medical procedures conducted on the patient) and the personal involvement of the teachers. The second group of analysed texts consists of plays staged on the Piarist and Jesuit colleges’ stages. They are related to the cult of „the plague saints”. They also deal with the theme of plague as a form of punishment for sins that affects some antagonists. In some plays, personifications of natural disasters and epidemics are used. The article revealed that there were relatively few literary images of the plague related to the academic environment. The causes of epidemics and the methods of their prevention were much more often mentioned in handbooks and calendars, available to the general public. The community of students and teachers was rather active in the religious field, acting in associations and congregations, as well as participating in propitiatory services and processions.
Sprawy Czesława Miłosza w zapiskach osobistych Marii Dąbrowskiej i Anny Kowalskiej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Głębicka, Ewa
One of the threads of the dailies and the correspondence of Maria Dąbrowska and Anna Kowalska published so far in excerpts is the so-called “Miłosz’s case”. The poet became the cause of a conflict between these two writers of a purely personal nature, which also influenced their evaluation of the poet’s work and life decisions. They also referred to Czesław Miłosz’s decision in 1951, when he applied for asylum in France, which was perceived by many in the literary and political circles both in Poland and abroad as an act of treason. The article shows some of the less known circumstances of the complicated “Milosz’s life affairs” from those years, seen from the perspective of both writers and their immediate environment.
Trąd w porządku teologicznym „Zwiastowania” Paula Claudela
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Kucab, Mateusz
The article analyses the issue of leprosy as a sign of accepting God’s will, which comes from the order of faith and is far from rational. Being infected with the disease by the main character symbolizes the boundless trust of Providence and the recognition of her life calling. Although affliction is a source of exclusion and fear from the community, for the girl it is an expression of love and an honor to participate in the Creator’s plan. Leprosy, causing great medieval epidemics, is not only important for the dramaturgy, but also for the ideological significance of the work, which is helped by the references to the philosophical writings of Paul Claudel.
Czarna śmierć i lekcja życia – dwie odsłony
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Salwa, Piotr
The essay confronts two ways in which the Black Death motif is used in two 14-Century Italian collections of novellas. In Giovanni Boccaccio’s “Decameron” the pestilence means the crisis of civilized forms of collective life, the decay of social relations and moral disarray. The protagonists in a sublime way reconstruct various forms of “art de vivre” distancing themselves from the brutal reality. Giovanni Sercambi perceive the plague as a divine punishment that strikes the entire society for collective sins. The only way of salvation is a pilgrimage-penance, and later the acceptance of a new political regime, in which all the power belongs to a preposto, elected for life, and the citizens are interested only in their private affairs and respect of severe moral principles.
O perswazji w staropolskich poradnikach przeciwdżumowych
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Walińska, Marzena
The aim of the article is to analyse the anti-plague handbooks from the 16th and 17th centuries as persuasive texts. The exemplification material consists of works diversified in terms of structure, style and volume, written by Piotr Umiastowski, Sebastian Petrycy from Pilzno, Marcin from Klecko and Paweł Lubiecki. The analysis of the texts and elements of the literary and editorial framework shows how the authors defined the audience and adapted the text to it on the level of inventio (argumentation based on ethos, arguments from authority and from example) and dispositio. The methods and means recommended in the anti-pest manuals could not – from the perspective of today’s medical knowledge – be effective in combating the epidemic. Still, the texts undoubtedly allowed to tackle the phenomenon and to give spiritual support to the sick and threatened.
Literatura staropolska wobec problemu zła. Uwagi wstępne
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Lasocińska, Estera
The article discusses the old Polish ways of explaining evil. The first part briefly presents the philosophical theories struggling with the problem of its existence and origin: Aristotelianism, Platonism, Stoicism and Epicureanism. It was found that the reception of these views can be traced in selected texts of the old Polish literature. Therefore, in the second and third parts of the article, appropriate analyses were carried out on the basis of the literary material provided by “Elegia IV 3” and the epigram “O żywocie ludzkim” (I 101) by Jan Kochanowski, as well as “Tobiasz wyzwolony” and “Adverbia moralia” by Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski. They focus primarily on the problem of suffering leading to the question of the essence of God, who, being the omnipotent Creator of the world, is also responsible for the presence of evil in it. Using the Epicurean theory of indifferent deities, Kochanowski presents, close to deism, the concept of the Creator acting for Himself and from heaven viewing His work with the Artist’s eye; Lubomirski, on the other hand, stands on the side of theism and assumes that God is the Creator of good, and that evil only allows the wise man to achieve perfection with His help.
Podmioty moralności. Studium porównawcze opowieści o mordercach („African Psycho’ Alaina Mabanckou i „American Psycho” Breta Eastona Ellisa)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Poręba, Izabela
The article is a comparative study of two stories about murderers, characters of the novels “African Psycho” (2003) by Alain Mabanckou and “American Psycho” (1991) by Bret Easton Ellis. The similarities in the construction of the main characters – fascination with popular culture, brutality and vulgarity, identity problems and interest in famous serial killers – are evidence of Mabanckou’s intertextual play with a popular American novel. The essence of this play, however, is rather the moments of distinguishing and negotiating with the original text, among them: cultural, social, economic and political differences in the construction of the world presented, different class positions and motivations for the actions of the murderers. The article investigates also the main characters’ capability to be subjects of moral judgements. Their specific mental state (biographical discontinuity, isolation, desire for evil) is evidence of „depowerment”. Therefore, their capacity for self-understanding and ethical responsibility is questioned.
O czym śni Filipowicz? – próba analizy opowiadania Kornela Filipowicza „Gdy przychodzą we śnie” w perspektywie szeroko rozumianej filozofii egzystencjalnej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Bańska-Szuba, Anna
The purpose of the article is to interpret the story “Gdy przychodzą we śnie” (When they come in a dream) by Kornel Filipowicz using the category introduced to literary studies by Michał Januszkiewicz – the so-called existentialist point of view. It is a procedure aimed at discovering the meaning of the exceptional text, as it does not fit into the typical themes of Filipowicz, the eulogist of the Polish province, and the bard of everyday life. The work was written in 1979 and was published in the collection “Koncert f-moll i inne opowiadania”, published in 1982. This story, making a great impression on today’s reader because of the exceptional topicality of the topic, which is the phenomenon of mass immigration from African countries to Europe, evokes the desire to ascribe to author of prophetic abilities. This is the source of many misunderstandings, which in turn leads to the conclusion by researchers of this prose that it is not easy to reach its essential meanings. Hence, an interesting proposal is to look at it from the perspective of broadly understood existential philosophy, in particular the thoughts of Heidegger, Sartre, Jaspers, Camus, thinkers who cannot be ignored when discussing contemporary literature. From this perspective, this unique story takes on new content. It leads, if not to a full understanding of its meaning, then at least to the discovery of previously hidden meanings.
Próba mitologii romantycznej i politycznej. Kilka uwag na temat „Gryfa” Olgi Daukszty
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Zając, Michał
The presented article focuses on Olga Daukszta’s epic poem “Griffin”. Written at the turn of the 1930s and 1940s, the poem constructs specific Polish and Christian identity on the lands of former Polish Livonia and contemporary Latvia. Daukszta, who considered herself Polish as well as German, Tatar or Samogitian, lived in the region where various nationalities met, co-existed and fought over centuries. In the time when Polish identity in Latvia was suppressed, she was pointing out the Polish components and aspects of Latvian history. In order to justify specific national and political rights, in her poem she constructed romantic mythology that re-interpreted certain symbols and allegories (like griffin, lion, but also St. George, etc.) and put them in the context of European and Christian culture in general. The poem was never published, nevertheless, it became an interesting attempt to create a local but somehow diverse identity in a rather typical romantic way.
Uwagi o podróży Juliana Ursyna Niemcewicza po Litwie w 1819 roku
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Chachaj, Małgorzata
In 1819, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz took a journey around Lithuania. It was the sixth of his historical trips. The author summed up his observations of the state of Lithuania in following words: “How many dangerous, contagious diseases affect this part of the political body of our homeland!” The „plague” metaphor is developed further in the discussion. Niemcewicz describes “epidemics” that destroy society and the state, causing effects that are equally or more dangerous than material losses visible at first glance. He points to “plagues” resulting from political oppression and violence of invader on various levels of social life, as well as unwanted changes that dependent on the will of a man who succumbs to destructive influences.
Biedermeierowskie świadectwo zarazy – „Granit” Adalberta Stiftera
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Mazur, Aneta
The following article is an introduction to the Adalbert Stifter’s short story entitled “Granite” in Polish translation. The article explains the political and cultural origin of the work, its poetical form, its ethical and philosophical meaning. The “Granite”, included in the short story collection (Colorful Stones, 1853) is considered to be an important declaration of Biedermeier movement in Austria, its aesthetic as well as its ethic tradition, manifest of which was so-called „Gentle Law” (das sanfte Gesetz), i.e. an ordered existence harmony and an unspectacular, daily practising the humanism in the personal, country and social life. In Stifter’s piece it concerns also an extraordinary case of the epidemic, which did plagued the Bohemian countryside in the 18th century. The story plot being based on local oral tradition, presents how adult’s and children’s characters react the hazards and challenges they must confront during the illness. Playing with several allusions (such as biblical, philosophical, scientific, legendary ones) the “Granite” concludes with two distinctive thesis: the only way to survive the plague is acting with human dignity and altruistically; the survive means an irrational and paradoxical experience. The „epidemic” motive – due to historical fact, at the same time the figure of a catastrophe, of a test, of an initiation into dark rules of history and nature as well – is sophisticatedly articulated, using different text construction, plot and narrative levels or implied meanings of the work (the titel motive of „granite”, a motive of volcanic catastrophe, plays a role in all of them). There is a kind of misterious interpretative ambiguity in Adalbert Stifter’s work till now – “Granite” is to understand as a Biedermeier idyll; as an evidence of author’s world view; as a documented case of the epidemic in Boccaccio style; as a parable about humanity at the crucial moment of the life; and, finally, as a short story masterpiece.
Kafkowski tryptyk interpretacyjny: opowiadanie „Przemiana”
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Moreno-Szypowska, Jadwiga Clea
The article presents the allegorical novella “The Metamorphosis” of Franz Kafka from a biblical perspective. The main character, Gregor Samsa, is compared to Job and Jesus, the New Adam, and his father to God. The images emerging in the text reveal their hidden meaning, which in a surprising way shows the connection with the “Holy Scriptures”, both with the “Old” and “New Testaments”, which may be surprising in the case of a Jewish writer from the Vltava River. The author uses Kafka’s other writings, including “Letter to His Father”, to demonstrate the autobiographical sources. Gregor Samsa–Franz Kafka sacrifices himself to the Father’s glory. The whole interpretation is inscribed in the philosophy of the Danish thinker – Søren Kierkegaard.
Tyfus, ospa, cholera i inne choroby jako doświadczenia polskich zesłańców na Syberii w XIX wieku
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Chrostek, Mariusz
The article deals with the problem of the diseases suffered by Polish political exiles in Siberia, as well as the associated treatment methods and circumstances (the role of doctors, hospitals, aid from other Polish citizens and the local population). We learn from the preserved diaries, journals and letters that the exiles would fall ill both during the murderous march to Siberia (thousands of kilometers crossed on foot, harsh winters, malnutrition, disastrous hygienic conditions in the sleeping quarters) and in their places of forced settlement. The exiles fell victim to epidemics (typhus, cholera, smallpox, scurvy) and other diseases, some of which unknown to European medicine. Further on, we learn about Russian hospitals whose gruesome conditions only accelerated the death of patients (dirt, stench, spoiled food, lack of care and medications, killing the sick in order to rob them). The worst of all those facilities were military field hospitals (victims dying of terrible flogging, the highest mortality). Polish exiled doctors, much better educated and prepared for the profession than Russian doctors, were often the only ones in various parts of Siberia who were able to cure many of the diseases and even fight epidemics. They would conduct extensive medical practices, treating their compatriots mostly without charge; they also helped many Russians and ethnic peoples (e.g. Benedykt Dybowski, Wacław Lasocki). Conventional methods of treatment, mentioned by the exiles throughout the 19th century, included: bloodletting, causing diarrhea, vomiting and sweats, as well as applying skin-irritating patches or medicines based on herbs and rectified spirit. In the paper, we also learn about non-conventional methods of healing. Where there were no doctors to be found, we discover the secrets of folk medicine. We explore with admiration the moods and attitudes of Poles in the face of serious diseases – the extraordinary solidarity between the exiles, their self-sacrifice and willpower (incessantly caring for the sick).
Leprosus i księżna. Pielęgnacja zakaźnie chorych w świetle dokumentów z procesu kanonizacyjnego św. Elżbiety Węgierskiej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Puchalska-Dąbrowska, Bernadetta M.
The aim of the article is to present the image of the care of the infectiously ill in the documents of the canonization process of St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1207–1231). The material under discussion includes the testimonies of the saint’s spiritual director Conrad of Marburg, her four servants and additional hagiographical material. The accounts made by direct observers of the duchess’ life emphasize the variety of forms of her involvement in the care of lepers and suffering from diseases that cause similar symptoms, arousing disgust in people from her surroundings. The narrative, rich in drastic details, plays the role of a hagiographic argumentatio illustrating the heroism of the central character of the testimonies.
Dzielnica, ale jaka? Kilka uwag o epitetach określających getto warszawskie
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Witkowska-Krych, Agnieszka
The text is an attempt of presenting and analyzing the linguistic landscape connected with describing and/or precising the features of the Warsaw Ghetto, i.e. Jewish closed residential area in Warsaw, created by the Germans in 1940 for more than four hundred thousand Jews. The most frequent phrase that was replacing the word „ghetto” was the formulation „Jewish residential district”, which was the direct translation of the German term „Jüdischer Wohnbezirk”, officially used to name this particular area. A collection of epithets that accompany the word „district”, found in the historical sources, both of Jewish and Polish origin, written during the war or many years after the war had ended, coming from various sematic fields, show the attitude of the speaker or writer to this new topographic solution, that not only divided the city, but also stigmatized and separated physically its inhabitants.
The Language of Fear in Children’s Literature: A Case Study of Ted Hughes’s Poems for Children
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Chrzanowska-Kluczewska, Elżbieta
The article tackles the issue of the language of fear exploited in children’s literature, taking Ted Hughes’s Nature poems for young readers as the object of analysis. It presents a perspective of linguistic stylistics and literary semantics and as such is not meant to be a critical literary evaluation of Hughes’s poetry. Rather, it focuses on linguistic instruments of creating the aura of fear in children’s poetry and their cognitive import. The author has chosen a neuroscientific paradigm for the two closely related emotions – fear and anxiety – as propagated by American researcher Joseph LeDoux, most prominently in his work “Anxious” (2015). LeDoux maintains that the feeling of fear is not inborn but rather a cognitive construct emergent from the use of one’s native language practiced within a particular socio-cultural context. The unique atmosphere of Hughes’s poetry has been achieved by a rich lexicon of fear-related notions and a skillfully applied figuration (anthropomorphisms, similes). His poetic imagery powerfully complements the vocabulary and troping in calling to life fictional worlds, often uncanny and menacing, remote from the young readers’ experience. The author of this article perceives in the lexicon, figuration and multimodal imagery (both verbal and visual, the latter realized as illustrations in picture-books) an important didactic device that teaches children how to manage fearsome experiences. This capability will also prepare children to face anxiety, an emotion typical of adult life and related mostly to existential problems.
The Science of Polish Verse (?). Rzecz o teorii notacji poetyckiej Sidneya Laniera w kontekście współczesnych kulturowych teorii literatury
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Ujma, Martyna
The article presents the theoretical-literary concept developed by Sidney Lanier in the second half of the 19th century in America. The author presents the assumptions of the theory of poetic notation, primary and secondary rhythm, and the links between literature and the social landscape described by the American in “The Science of English Verse” and “The English Novel”. The considerations are included in the framework of reflection on the way of shaping contemporary cultural literary studies.
The International Potential of the Polish Nineteenth-Century Novel – a Review of Grażyna Borkowska and Lidia Wiśniewska’s (eds.) “Another Canon: The Polish Nineteenth-Century Novel in World Context”
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Rokosz, Elżbieta
The article is a review of “Another Canon: The Polish Nineteenth-Century Novel in World Context”, edited by Grażyna Borkowska and Lidia Wiśniewska, published in 2020 by Lit Verlag, Switzerland within the “Polonistik im Kontext” series. The first part of the monograph includes articles that provide a reinterpretation of selected novels (including Krasicki’s “The Adventures of Mr. Nickolas Wisdom”, Orzeszkowa’s “On the Niemen”, and Sienkiewicz’s “Without Dogma”) in relation to the main currents of world literature. The second part focuses on the reception of selected nineteenth-century Polish novels in Belarus, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, France, Spain, the United States, and Great Britain. The publication is aimed at raising the interest of non-Polish recipients in the nineteenth-century novels during a period when twentieth and contemporary Polish literature has already gained relative popularity abroad.
Emila Ciorana filozofia człowieka
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Błaszczyk, Marek
The article presents a critical approach to “Podmiot w filozofii Emila Ciorana” by Mateusz Rura (Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin 2019). It discusses the main theses presented in the dissertation and invites to reflection on Cioran’s philosophy. The paper shows fundamental existential problems, such as self-consciousness, loneliness, suffering, despair, melancholy, suicide and fear of death.

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