Tematy i Konteksty 9(14) 2019
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- Pozycja„Hymenaeus abo wiersz godowy” Pawła Mankiewicza na tle innych siedemnastowiecznych epitalamiów mieszczańskich(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Nowakowski, Michał“Hymenaeus, or a Mating Poem” by Paweł Mankiewicz, found in the second half of the 20th century, is an epithalamion written for the wedding of Barbara Kleinpoldtówna and Jakub Giza in 1642. The author, the newlyweds as well as the commissioners of the piece are all representatives of the bourgeoisie. In many respects, however, Mankiewicz’s poem definitely stands out among other 17th-century bourgeois wedding poems, not imitating epithalamions characteristic of „high” literature, yet introducing valuable historical, moral and epic information.
- PozycjaDoświadczając historii: melancholia przeszłości w kulturach peryferyjnych na przykładzie Polski i Portugalii(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Partyka, JoannaIn this paper I combine several different notions from broadly conceived humanities and two histories: of Poland and of Portugal at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. I comprehend here the experiencing of history as a way of treating one’s own, national past. The metaphor of experiencing history is related to the question of what the historical circumstances and situations are, what the purpose is and what history is referred to by the elites who are instrumental in shaping national identity. Melancholy of the past is already a partial answer-thesis to the question: In what way? The notion of peripheral cultures seems to be useful when we attempt to answer the question: in what situations and for what purpose we (the Portuguese and the Poles) referred, but also still continue to refer, to the past/history. Some considerations on the experience of history will have the following two Unions in the background: the Iberian Union (1580) and the Union of Lublin (1569).
- PozycjaSzekspir nasz powszedni albo praktyka sensownego czytania w szkole (dziś, tj. „w czasach zarazy cyfrowej” oraz relacji globalnych, a także niezależnie od jakichkolwiek plag czy kataklizmów)(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Kłakówna, Zofia AgnieszkaThe paper is based on the assumption that the contemporary educational system, including its general approach to literature, is characterized by being totally old-fashioned, and its results are completely opposite to what the authors of the relevant programmes hoped to achieve, and this is the reason why it desperately needs re-evaluating and revising. The text documents various motivations of interpreting William Shakespeare’s romantic comedy, The Tempest, as an example of a valuable and meaningful work of fiction. Thus ‘t is a good starting point for a constructive reflection on how to create conditions suitable for studying literature-based texts in the classroom as well as on teachers’ training which would respect both the up-to-date cultural context and the value of humanistic education, paramount for the development of human identity, and which is nowadays widely contested by the present interim economic and technical priorities.
- PozycjaOrient w twórczości „polskich poetów kaukaskich” (na przykładzie twórczości Tadeusza Łady-Zabłockiego, Władysława Strzelnickiego, Michała Butowta-Andrzejkowicza)(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Sattarov, SamirThis paper deals with the theme of the Orient in the creativity of “Polish Caucasian poets” (Tadeusz Łada-Zabłocki, Władysław Strzelnicki and Michał Butowt-Andrzejkowicz), as well as the causes of their interests in The East and The Caucasus. According to the author, it is connected with the blossoming of Romanticism in Europe and Russia in the first half of the 19th century. Romantic writers very often referred in their creativity to the themes of romantic love, knighthood, fight for freedom, nature and its beauty, spiritual essence, Orient, world of fantasies and imagination, as well as mythologism or mysticism. The theme of the Orient allowed them to combine all the above-mentioned themes. For “Polish Caucasian poets”, the Caucasus was the East, and romanticism in their creation contributed to view the Caucasus as a different (than ordinary) world offering other possibilities, a different degree and quality of freedom.Therefore, the romanticism of “Polish Caucasian poets” was closely connected with Caucasian orientalism, which enriched Polish literature with new contents. Orientalism in the creativity of “Polish Caucasian poets” acquired its specificity with the dominant motives referring to freedom, descriptions of nature and beautiful Caucasian landscapes, Eastern (Azerbaijani) mythology, etc. In this way, “Polish Caucasian poets” brought to the Polish romantic literature hitherto unknown in it a new exotic Caucasian colouration and played an important role in the development of relations between the Polish culture and the cultures of Caucasian peoples.
- PozycjaPieśń o chwale Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Uwagi o tradycji genologicznej „Proporca albo Hołdu pruskiego” Jana Kochanowskiego(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Banaś-Korniak, TeresaThe aim of the paper is to show that Jan Kochanowski’s “Proporzec albo Hołd Pruski”, a work of literature considered for a long time to be poor in artistic terms, refers to the convention of a triumphant song of victory, namely the epinikion. It is a literary form with ancient roots. The poet of Czarnolas, in his original way, combined the convention of epinikion with verse-driven canvassing speech (on the border between genus deliberativum and genus demonstrativum), using a number of arguments in favour of implementing the resolutions of the Sejm (Parliament Assembly) of Lublin of 1569. The work consistently develops one thread – the struggle with the Teutonic Knights, which is connected with the selective presentation of the historical images of the Polish rulers’ military campaigns for Pomerania and Duchy of Prussia. The consistency of the presented historical descriptions with the ideological content, expressive “speech decorations” and faithfulness to the conventions of the sixteenth-century political poetry make the literary artistry of Proporzec… impressive and standing out with its artistry against the background of occasional Old Polish poems.
- PozycjaBerlin – soczewka współczesnej Europy. Uwagi na marginesie książki Ewy Wanat „Deutsche nasz. Reportaże berlińskie”(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Sukiennik, MagdalenaBerlin and the city’s inhabitants are the characters of Wanat’s reportage. The book is a collection of talks and evidence record of meetings with particular people. Every Berliner has their own story. While presenting the stories, the author spotlights the complexity of the city. The capital city, like any other metropolis, is a medley of various cultures and behaviours. The city reflects the borderline of the features which both unite and divide the society and endanger their peaceful coexistence. The border areas are particularly exposed to conflicts. For onlookers, Berlin seems to be a coherent mosaic. However, it is drastically divided. This incoherence is shown in varied characters of the districts, it is reflected in language, too. Resentments, stereotypes and generalisations add to this discrepancy. A peaceful coexistence in such a cosmopolitan hybrid city requires building an agora and bridges. They create the background to begin a dialogue. Liberal democracy helps to introduce socio-cultural structures, as well as mental patterns of perception. This prevents antagonisms in society. A lesson of tolerance averts hostility and others are not treated as if they were strangers. Learning an appropriate attitude towards the dissimilar takes a long time, and the challenge must be repeatedly undertaken if society is to remain united. Analysing such a big city as Berlin, Ewa Wanat illustrates complex problems of contemporary Europe.
- PozycjaTolerancja religijna i integralność społeczeństwa polskiego w „Opisie obyczajów za panowania Augusta III” Jędrzeja Kitowicza(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Magryś, RomanIn the paper it is argued that the author of “Description of Customs…”, who was a Catholic priest, showed greater tolerance for non-Christian religions than for Lutheran and Calvinist denominations. This was linked with the fact that Protestants effectively competed with Catholic nobility in the same spheres of public life to gain social and material goods in Poland in the times of the Saxon Dynasty. Kitowicz exhibited an intense dislike for deists as he accused them of a lack of religiousness in its essential aspects involving the cultivation of sacred rituals and ceremonies, and he claimed they were sufficiently satisfied with pure ideology. Generally speaking, the author of “Description of Customs…” did not attack other religions for reasons related to faith; he did it for pragmatic reasons, paying attention to social interests of Catholic nobility, or in connection with morality, in the case of atheists and nonbelievers.
- PozycjaPolacy, Żydzi i antysemityzm w publicystyce Ryszarda Ganszyńca(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Chrostek, MariuszRyszard Ganszyniec, an outstanding classicist, professor at the Jan Kazimierz University in the years 1920-1939 and, on and off, until 1946, as one of a few academic lecturers, openly opposed the growing wave of antisemitism among Polish students in interwar Lviv. His readings inspired by events at universities - the introduction of the so-called numerus clausus principle and of the bench ghetto in the thirties - were published in the form of two extensive brochures: The case of “numerus clausus” and its fundamental meaning. Academic antisemitism as a symptom of social antisemitism (1925) and Bench Ghetto (1937). The author did not only expose the low motives and methods of Polish nationalists. As a discerning humanist, he spoke on the principles of coexistence of two nations, Poles and Jews, in the new conditions of the resurgent Polish State after 123 years of political dependence. Despite the increasing acts of violence against Jewish youth, inspired mainly by the All-Polish Youth (beatings and even murders in the 1930s), and the passive, quiet consent of the majority of professors, Ganszyniec dealt with the phenomenon of numerus claususus on ethical, religious, economic and sociological levels. He reminded zealous Catholic nationalists of the Jewish origin of Christ. He juxtaposed the industriousness and austerity of Jews with the ineptitude of Poles, particularly visible in trade. He warned that attempts to transform the Polish nation into a politically and ethnically uniform formation would never succeed. He proved that privileging Polish students at universities leads them to laziness and strengthens their demanding attitudes. The bench ghetto, introduced by force during lectures, would begin to isolate Jewish shops, services, houses, and create places of retreat for this nation similar to the German concentration camps already existing at that time. Ganszyniec predicted that the Jews would be followed by communists, socialists, peasant activists and the entire opposition, until finally the single party system would take over, for which the Constitution would be only a “piece of paper”. The scholar saw the bench ghetto as a dangerous element in the nazification of society. One of the greatest weaknesses of Polish chauvinists, as he saw it, was the lack of any arguments for the alleged superiority of the “Polish race”. He easily proved the superiority of Jewish merits over those of Poles in building world cultural heritage. The postulates of the Lviv classicist, which made him many enemies, could not influence the situation at Polish universities on the eve of the Second World War, when two totalitarian systems were tightening around the Republic of Poland: Nazi and Stalinist.
- PozycjaLiteratura w kręgu unijnych zbliżeń. W 450. rocznicę Unii Lubelskiej(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Stanisz, Marek; Trościński, GrzegorzThe paper is an introduction to the discussion devoted to literary evidence of “unification initiatives” (unions, alliances, international agreements and other unification projects) as witnessed in the history of Europe for many centuries. Artistic writings have long been presenting the dialogue between union partners, taking place both in public (international or national) as well as private space. Among these phenomena, particularly noteworthy are unification visions, cultural osmosis, evidence of individual participation in unification processes, acts of building the collective awareness, ways of interpreting both shared and alien cultural or religious symbols, literary expressions of the relations between “I” and “You”, strategies used in constructing the linguistic image of the shared world and alien worlds. The paper attempts to systematize specific issues related to these problems and is an introduction to the discussion carried out in the latest issue of „Tematy i Konteksty”.
- PozycjaKonstanty Gaszyński na Litwie(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Lyszczyna, JacekKonstanty Gaszyński found himself in Lithuania during the November Uprising, fighting as a lieutenant in the corps of General Giełgud. The images of the uprising in Lithuania are reflected in his book “Pieśni pielgrzyma polskiego” (“The Songs of a Polish Pilgrim”). It was published in Paris in 1833, after the defeat of the uprising, and it contains 24 poems, e.g.: “Przejście Niemna przez wojska polskie (Crossing the Neman by the Polish Army), Spalenie Czerwonego dworu (The Burning of the Red Mansion), Zajęcie Rosień przez powstańców (Insurgents Occupying Rosienie)” and “Do Emilii Plater i Marii Raszanowicz, walczących w szeregach powstańców litewskich (To Emilia Plater and Maria Raszanowicz, Fighting in the Ranks of the Insurgents of Lithuania)”.
- PozycjaWokół kategorii metaxú. Doświadczanie i wytwarzanie międzyludzkiego pogranicza za pomocą języka(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Korwin-Piotrowska, DorotaThe subject of the paper consists in the reflections dedicated to the creation of the inter-human “borderland”. The metaxú category (Greek: μεταξύ, in-between) serves this purpose. Derived from antiquity, it was interpreted by Simone Weil in her book La Pésanteur et la Grâce (Gravity and Grace). The study develops Weil’s concept, and at the same time it expands it towards linguistics. A list of five notions is proposed. They present different aspects of metaxú, such as relationality, borderlandness, pragmatism, ambivalence, and transversality, which point to the anthropological and social role of the “in-between”. These notions are discussed in the paper at length, and then referred to the linguistic communication, which is treated exactly as a metaxú sphere.
- PozycjaLiterature in the Context of Unification Initiatives to Commemorate the 450th Anniversary of the Union of Lublin(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Stanisz, Marek; Trościński, GrzegorzThe paper is an introduction to the discussion devoted to literary evidence of “unification initiatives” (unions, alliances, international agreements and other unification projects) as witnessed in the history of Europe over many centuries. Artistic writings have long presented the dialogue between union partners, taking place both in public (international or national) as well as private space. Among these phenomena, particularly noteworthy are unification visions, cultural osmosis, evidence of individual participation in unification processes, acts of building the collective awareness, ways of interpreting both shared and alien cultural or religious symbols, literary expressions of the relations between “I” and “You”, strategies used in constructing the linguistic image of the shared world and alien worlds. The paper attempts to systematize specific issues related to these problems and is an introduction to the discussion carried out in the latest issue of „Tematy i Konteksty”.
- PozycjaModele polskiej prozy „unijnej”. Próba klasyfikacji(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Pasterska, JolantaPoland’s accession to the European Union and the democratization of the country resulted in a change in the specificity of the Polish emigration prose. Its political dimension was subdued. The status and role of the writer-emigrant changed. Now, without the feeling of having betrayed his/her homeland or language, the writer has become a chronicler of the life of compatriots abroad and an observer of the culture of the country of settlement. The focus of the present considerations is an attempt to characterize three models according to which the description of sociological and cultural phenomena takes place. The first one covers the type of stories symptomatic of migration in which the characters are young people without complexes, curious about the world, wishing to discover it. In this case, we are dealing with intercultural texts that attempt to describe the new culture of the country of settlement and the related identity experiences. The second model uses a model present in postcolonial literature. The hero of this prose is an oppressed migrant whose “mission” is, in a sense, to conquer the new country in order to become a “colonizer” and lose the status of a “colonized” one. He/she thus stands in opposition to a foreign world and the new culture/cultures. The third variant collects polemic works in the face of both this doctrine and the post-colonial discourse, both of which, entering into dialogue with the above mentioned forms, create their own model of counter-discourse.
- PozycjaLiterackie obrazy socjalistycznej Warszawy i frankistowskiego Madrytu w perspektywie geopoetyki i komparatystyki. Przykład powieści „Zły” Leopolda Tyrmanda i „Ul” Camilo José Celi(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Rombel, MariaThe paper aims to juxtapose the literary portrayals of the socialist Warsaw and Francoist Madrid depicted in two postwar novels: “The Man with the White Eyes” by Leopold Tyrmand and “The Hive” by Camilo José Cela1, respectively. The starting point for the considerations is geopoetics and, more precisely, the concept of the sensory and emotive topographies. It is intended to demonstrate that the approach in question provides the tools adequate to analyse the configuration of Warsaw’s and Madrid’s urban spaces portrayed in Polish novels from the Polish People’s Republic period and Spanish novels from the Francoism period. The comparative approach, in turn, enables the juxtaposing of the research objects and gathering of the data useful for the purposes of Polish-Spanish intercultural studies, such as intercultural communication studies.
- PozycjaIdea unii polsko-litewskiej w twórczości Jana Kochanowskiego(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Rusnak, RadosławThe paper takes a common view of those works by Jan Kochanowski which reflect the relationship between the author and the act of the Polish-Lithuanian Union established on 1 July 1569 in Lublin. The only text that is the poet’s direct reaction to the event in question is Proporzec or Hołd pruski, which does not mean that there are no other works of this type by Kochanowski. The examples are the poem Zgoda / Concordia, Fragment XXI (Battle with Amurat at Varna), the Latin Ode IV (Ad Concordiam) or Fraszka II 107 (Na most warszewski / On the Bridge of Warsaw).
- PozycjaMikołaj Rej a „sprawa litewska” – uwagi Pana z Nagłowic o unii (lubelskiej) i Litwinach(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Dybek, DariuszMikolaj Rej was not only one of the most notable 16th century Polish writers, but also an active member of the parliament. Among others, he worked on the Polish-Lithuanian issues. Based on the governmental documentation, Rej was engaged in these issues from 1542 onwards. He also dedicated a few pieces of writing to the matter, the most important of which is a poem written around 1567 entitled ‘Union with Lithuania’. In the poem he condemned the sluggishness in debating the unification of the two countries, but emphasized that the Lithuanians should have taken a greater interest in the matter, since Poland could have helped their fights with the Eastern neighbours. As he did during the parliamentary sessions, the author also stressed the need for electing a common king. Despite hoping for a quick resolution and unification, Rej did not regard Lithuania as an equal parter for Poland. Based on a few poets, the author seems to think of the Lithuanians as of a backward nation (e.g. their table manners during the feasts and the use of primitive language). It is worth noting that Rej treated the Lithuanian aristocracy differently. While describing the clans and noble families (e.g. the Radziwiłł family or the Chodkiewicz family), he emphasised their patriotism and bravery. Rej’s remarks on the Lithuanians and the union did not stand out from the common opinion at the time. They could represent the feelings of a typical member of the Polish gentry.
- PozycjaWyciszana klęska unii lubelskiej: litewska odsiecz wiedeńska(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Obremski, KrzysztofDid the Union of Lublin pass the test of time in 1683 in perhaps in the most difficult period for it? The Lithuanian relief of Vienna was only simulated, but if everything was calmed down, it was because the anti-Royal opposition was strong and John III was weak. At the same time, a problem arose of how to proclaim the glory of the Viennese triumph without humiliating the late and infamous Lithuania? The answer is a school Jesuit theatre and a performance entitled Picture of Victory [...].
- PozycjaZdzisław Beksiński i ponowoczesna melancholia. Zarys interpretacyjny („Na końcu ogrodu”, „Centrala snów”, „Informator”)(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Szczyrek, PawełThe artistic output of Zdzisław Beksiński finds recognition all over the world. Not so long ago, his visual heritage was enriched by new, literary accomplishments – the collection of short stories written by the artist between 1963 and 1965. The present paper is an analysis of three most expressive pieces in terms of studied esthetics: “Na końcu ogrodu”, “Centrala snow” oraz “Informator”. Beksiński’s short stories are here placed in the context of postmodern melancholy characterized by affirmation of experienced emptiness the source of which was sought for in Beksinski’s generational experiences. On these grounds, a thesis is proposed where the holistic creative concept which merges visual and literary accomplishments is expressed by three figures: decay, repetition and ontological uncertainty. Not only is the object of the analysisa theoretical aspect of a worldview present in the literary works but it also functions as a specific fictional-structural solution.
- PozycjaCztery cząstki wyobraźni poetyckiej Juliana Przybosia: Podgórze i gotyckie katedry, Holokaust i Atlantyk(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Obremski, KrzysztofThe paper consists of two parts. The first one is dedicated to Przyboś as a son of Podgórze and to his relations with gothic cathedrals. The second one is dedicated the connection between the Atlantic and the Holocaust, and it is constituted around the idea of double vastness: the enormity of ocean waters and the martyrdom of the Jews; the poetic importance, however, lying not only in the very comparison, but in the possibility of proving its legitimacy.
- PozycjaIn varietate concordia. Nauki humanistyczne i ich wpływ na imaginarium społeczne(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Żardecka, MagdalenaThe paper views human sciences as a kind of cultural bond, building unity across all divisions and boundaries. For this purpose it uses arguments proposed by such intellectuals as Nussbaum, Rorty, Markowski and Assmann. It aims at justification of the thesis that humanities serve intrinsic integration and development of personality, social integration, maintaining bonds with the past and history, and creating a sense of common destiny of all human beings. Human sciences expand our horizons, allowing us to transcend the limits of our inborn egoism, they teach us how to imaginatively reach beyond and above the local perspective, creating foundations for interpersonal solidarity, respect, tolerance and compassion. The present political trends in Poland and in the world clearly favor natural and technical sciences, tending to devaluate and to marginalize humanities, which can be a prognostic of cultural regress, with unpredictable consequences for the future.
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