Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy z. 60(4)/2019

URI dla tej Kolekcjihttp://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/5157

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Innovation management: subject re-evaluation
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Bal-Woźniak, Teresa
The article is of a conceptual character and proposes a change in the paradigm of thinking about innovation management. The growing belief in the importance of innovation for increasing the competitive advantage of companies and the international position of the national economy does not go hand in hand with the effectiveness of innovation management. This applies in particular to the so-called catching-up countries, which include Poland and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe. It was the basis for proposing the concept of innovation management from the subjective approach and its operationalization in the context of the needs arising from contemporary development trends. The author proposes appreciating the subjective role of the individual (a human being) in the innovation process. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to dissect the innovation process as the capacity to implement innovations, and then integrate them into the subjective approach of innovativeness. The hypothesis is proved by demonstrating that the new approach opens the perspective of causing that innovativeness becomes a universal competence (meta-competence), which may lead to an increase in the effectiveness of innovation management in the form of higher innovation intensity. This higher efficiency is indirectly achieved by shaping the appropriate innovative attitudes and behaviours of people. The results of the conducted research will increase understanding of the reasons for insufficient innovation in Polish enterprises and the economy as a whole. At the same time, they set the direction for further research, including institutional conditions for innovation and innovativeness, because people’s innovative attitudes and behaviours are influenced by a series of behavioural institutions. The study also indicates some directions for integrating innovation management in the subject approach with the innovation policy of governments and institutional reforms oriented towards the dissemination of civilization progress.
Regional differentiation of households in the context of a subjective assessment of the level of income
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Grzywińska-Rąpca, Małgorzata
One of the factors affecting the stratification and diversity of living conditions of the population is the level of income of the population. Income levels indicate inequalities that are inevitable and even necessary to some extent. They are part of the incentive mechanisms in consumer behaviour. The aim of the article was to show, by grouping voivodships, the differences in the assessment of the subjective level of household income. Households participating in the Household Budget Survey conducted by the Polish Central Statistical Office reported the amount of income (in PLN) allowing (in their assessment) to recognize the given income as: very weak, insufficient, barely sufficient, good and very good. The specified values of the centroids made it possible to organize voivodships in Poland due to the level of analysed features and identification of groups in which there are households with similar expectations and a subjective assessment of the economic situation. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that in terms of subjective assessments of the level of income obtained by households there are stratifications in the individual groups of voivodships. The analysis of the diversity of income level assessments was conducted in a spatial section (diversification of the phenomenon by voivodships). The SOM-Kohonen method was used for the analysis.
Social inclusion through service provision for the armed forces community: the officers’ perspective
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Yassim, Mazia
Public awareness and interest in the UK armed forces has increased over the years as a result of their involvement in various conflict situations. Research has also identified the increasing support and services that the armed forces community need, including mental wellbeing and the transition to civilian life. The voluntary sector has played a key role in the social inclusion of the armed forces by providing support and services for the armed forces community in the UK. This paper argues that gaining a more in-depth understanding of the armed forces community and their needs would help the various service charities to plan and deliver their services as well as to promote themselves more effectively. The purpose of this research was to understand and identify the service needs of one cohort of the UK armed forces – officers and their families. Qualitative, in-depth interviews of case workers and the beneficiaries of a service charity working with officers and their families were carried out, as well as observations and discussions with various service charities and the attendees of outreach services for veterans. The thematic analysis of the interviews, observations and discussion notes helped identify eight specific service needs that were important to the officers and their families.
Empirical analysis of the perceptionof financial exclusion in Poland by women
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Sołtysiak, Mirosław
The issue of financial exclusion has been the topic of scientific research for decades now. Each and every individual may become excluded with respect to an array of criteria, such as for instance educational background, income level, financial status, nationality, religion or even lifestyle. This means they are not allowed to perform certain social activities, even though they are both able and willing to undertake them. This unfavourable condition is usually caused by other people’s reluctance. The article addresses the issues of the perception of financial exclusion by female Poles on the basis of the results of a survey. Firstly, the awareness of the problem of financial exclusion among Polish female respondents is presented. Secondly, the causes of the phenomenon are elaborated on, as well as the types of individuals potentially endangered by such an exclusion. Finally, the outcome of research is provided in terms of the evaluation of the phenomenon’s range in Poland and identification of the risk of self-exclusion. Moreover, entities in charge of counteracting the risk of financial exclusion are indicated by the respondents in question.
Practical dimensions of knowledge transfer in the diverse modern labour market – a research-based discussion
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Pietruszka-Ortyl, Anna
Nowadays knowledge has clearly gained the attribute of domination and has been widely recognized as the one from intangible resources, which has great importance for shaping competitive advantage. Knowledge, therefore, has become a new foundation of organisations’ well-being, and in the future the property will be the ability to gain control over knowledge. At present, we are pointing to a new dimension of social inequalities, the base of which is access to knowledge. Therefore, one of the ways of bridging these inequalities can be the conscious and controlled shaping of knowledge transfer between groups of knowledge agents, representing diverse, often overlapping, social and organizational categories. The study has a theoretical-empirical character. Its purpose is to synthesize a work on literature devoted to the transfer of knowledge and to indicate the dimensions of this process in view of the existing diversity in the labour market. The aim of the empirical part is to check in which groups of knowledge agents and by using which instruments, which sub-processes of knowledge transfer are implemented. The general research hypothesis is the assumption that the course of the knowledge transfer process depends on which groups of knowledge agents it concerns. It caused the emergence of detailed hypotheses and specific research questions. In order to find answers to these, the method of critical analysis and empirical research, based on a questionnaire based on in-depth interviews, was used. The results obtained from empirical research prove that sharing knowledge is the domain of professionalists and the dimension of the intergenerational exchange of knowledge. Acquiring knowledge is most often carried out at the level of specialists’ relations with other employees and between generations. Sharing knowledge is the domain of specialists and is usually and most often performed during their contacts with other employees. Dissemination of knowledge, in turn, is the chief subprocess of the hierarchical dimension of knowledge transfer.
Protection of human capital against depreciation as the primary reason for providing compensation
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Oliwkiewicz, Barbara
The family is the only supplier of human capital to the labour market. A prerequisite for maintaining a proper level of human capital in the household is to provide the employee with a fair wage. A good wage is one that gives the opportunity to reproduce human capital at least on the same level, both in the short and long term. The growth and method of paying human capital is one of the main economic processes taking place in the household. Human capital has a unique character that is characterized by inalienability. The capital is individual and assigned to a specific holder of human capital. However, inalienable does not apply to the long period of generational exchange. Man, as the owner of capital, prepares his successors (children) to provide work and functioning in society. However, a reasonable remuneration does not guarantee full reconstruction of human capital. Families may be guided by various preferences when it comes to using their income at their disposal. Reasonable and creative actions of family members will lead to an additional increase in human capital. However, the lack of care for health or the use of available resources in a careless manner, e.g. alcohol abuse will lower its value. The purpose of this article is to present the role of the family in shaping human capital as well as an attempt to estimate the minimum fair remuneration in Poland, which will enable the reconstruction of human capital in the short and long-term through generational exchange.
Influence of social security benefits on the labour market in Poland
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Iwacewicz-Orłowska, Anna
The aim of the article is to analyse the influence of social security benefits on the labour market. The research methods applied were analysis (considering the influence of social security benefits on the labour market), synthesis (research conclusions based on the detailed results) and interpretation (clarifying the results). The research tool was a questionnaire. The main aim of the questionnaire was to gain information about the relation between the amount of social security benefits and the willingness to work and take up employment. The types of social security benefits are described and the author tries to answer the question whether these benefits positively or negatively influence the employment decision. The hypothesis is that social security benefits are reducing the labour supply. The results can help in better understanding the family and income situations of residents and enable the formulation of the effects of social security benefits on the labour market. The study shows that people who receive social security benefits demonstrate a low interest in taking up employment. They prefer to support their household exclusively from welfare benefits rather than lose the entitlement to benefits by taking up employment. A considerable group of respondents (in particular those receiving high social security benefits) admit that taking up employment is not in their plans.
Disparities in wage flexibility in the Polish economy
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Ertman, Agnieszka
The paper focuses on the examination of wage flexibility in the Polish economy, indicating the sectoral differences. In spite of the fact that wages depend on many variables, labour productivity (according to the traditional approach) was selected as the most influential determinant of wages. As a result, the paper describes wage flexibility as how wages respond to changes in labour productivity. The research shows that wages are the most flexible in manufacturing. The survey also discovers the lack of wage flexibility in agriculture and its strong diversification in the services sector. Disparities amongst services sections are determined by the specificity of individual sections and consumer preferences. A rising minimum wage attracts the attention of economists in the current economic climate in Poland, as the minimum wage plays a significant role as the institutional factor of wage flexibility. The paper consists of two parts. The first, theoretical, part of the article presents the issues of wage flexibility and its determinants. The efficiency wage theory, which emphasizes a positive relationship between wages and labour productivity, and the wage-requirements curve are also presented in the first part of the paper. In turn, the methodological part of the article includes a study of wage flexibility in the Polish economy on the macroeconomic scale and on a sectoral basis. The division of the economy according to PKD 2007 was applied, while the empirical materials were Eurostat and the Central Statistical Office database.
Labour market flexibility in Japan: 1960–2018
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Masui, Makoto; Młodkowski, Paweł
This paper offers an analysis of labour market developments in Japan in the post-war period. There is an original periodization based on macroeconomic performance. A systematic review of legislative initiatives as responses to questionable private sector practices delivers an image of the national economy torn by a struggle for decent working conditions. Striving for harmony in the society through increasing employment stability resulted in the creation of unique managerial solutions that allow for the circumventing of more and more rigid regulations governing the Japanese labour market. The flexibility of the labour market was reduced by consecutive legal acts aimed at protecting employees. Unfortunately, the private sector responded to these policy actions by introducing most undesirable solutions. Several decades of awkward attempts by the government to protect the labour force resulted in a situation when more than 40% of all employees work in non-standard working conditions. This, in turn means that full-time jobs are a luxury of a declining cohort. This is a good reason for concern, as this is about social inequality, also due to the lack of traditional forms of labour protection (i.e. labour unions among non-standard workers) This is what differentiates Japan from all other advanced economies. Together with the underlying society that is growing older, a declining group of full-timers creates a serious threat to the stability of the national economy, and the pension system in particular.
Income redistribution and the state’s fiscal system
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Wiśniewska-Kuźma, Magda
The aim of the article was to classify the OECD countries in fiscal models, based on the criterion of the structure of tax revenues and public spending, and to compare them in terms of the scope of redistribution created by means of taxation and social transfers and the level of income inequality. The analysis was conducted on a group of 30 OECD countries using data from the OECD database from 2004–2017. The classification was made using a cluster analysis using the Ward method. In the course of the study, seven fiscal models were distinguished, in which countries were characterized by a similar share of individual categories of tax revenues and public expenditure. Comparative analysis of fiscal models showed the occurrence of a relationship between the structure of tax revenues and public expenditure, and the level of income inequalities and the scope of redistribution, measured using the Redistribution Index. Compared to other models, models with a high share of social expenditure in the structure of public spending obtained a higher Redistributive Index. The use of various types of social transfers, financed not only by social security contributions, but also by taxes, has significant redistributive significance. The study also revealed the impact of the structure public expenditure on the level of income inequality. Fiscal models with a high share of allocation expenditures were characterized by a low level of income inequalities. The analysis did not confirm the assumption of a higher scale of redistribution in countries with a high level of income inequality.
Social inequalities and the development of society from a sociological perspective
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Miczyńska-Kowalska, Maria
The aim of the article is to attempt to answer the questions: what are the causes of inequality throughout history, what are the causes of inequality in today’s post-industrial society and how can the growing inequalities be counteracted. The analysis of the social inequalities in the development of society employs a sociological approach. The values that lead to the social inequalities: power, money and prestige, can be demonstrated as being part of the history of the inequalities taking place in European society and its development since the 19th century. The article focuses on the concept of social stratification becoming one with progressive social development. It introduces theories explaining social inequalities. Social inequality is classified as one of the most important social problems. It stresses that inequality in life time is changing. It is noted that social inequality and economic development are reciprocal. It is pointed out that today’s post-industrial society has increased the role of education and profession, and that education is today one of the essential goods that diversifies whole social groups; it is also a factor in the reduction of marginal inequality. It was considered that unemployment and precariat constitute an important social problem of the 21st century. It is shown that inequality continues to grow, leading to difficulties in the development of society. It presents a number of factors (in practice) which cause the reduction in social inequalities, as well as the negative consequences of social divisions.
The institutional order of the welfare state and its decomposition. A perspective from the Regulation Approach
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Pęciak, Renata
This paper adopts the perspective of the French Regulation School. Regulationists assign a special role to the institutional forms in shaping the conditions of sustainable socio-economic development. The basic institutional forms refer to wage relations, competition, the role of the state, the monetary system and integration with the international system. The aim of the paper is to explain from the perspective of The Regulation Approach the conditions that made the welfare state possible, as well as the causes of its crisis. The research thesis assumes that the traditional welfare state was based on a favourable institutional order. Within this order wage relations played the most important role; the changes that occurred since the end of the 1960s made it impossible to implement the welfare state and led to the formation of a state which promotes innovation and competitiveness. The paper explains that in terms of Regulationists, the welfare state was a result of a favourable institutional system determined by wage relations. This system guaranteed the stabilization of wage compromise, strong state intervention with broad social redistribution, expansive monetary policy, competition at the national level in a stable international environment, however in conditions of low opening toward global economy. Transformations related to the process of globalization, internationalization and deepening competitiveness had undermined the Fordist mechanism which guaranteed dynamic growth and the participation of employees in the results of production. Wage relations were under the pressure of other institutional forms, especially competition, and the financial system in the 1990s. The changes in the order of institutional forms induced the evolution of the welfare state to the state which promotes innovations, new technologies and an entrepreneurial innovator.
Expansionary monetary policy and its side effects
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Tomkiewicz, Jacek
The goal of this paper is to show that, although a non-standard monetary policy conducted by the major central banks is quite efficient in stabilising the post-crisis economy, there are a few important side effects of such policy. One of the most important side effects of a super-expansionary monetary policy is creating an economic environment that favours the financial sector and capital owners over the working class, leading to higher income inequalities. The low level of the central bank’s interest rate does not mean that every economic unit has access to cheap capital. The ultra-low cost of capital can be experienced by only the few selected players – financial institutions and strong corporations. The same can be said about the financing borrowing needs of the state – only a few governments are able to borrow very cheaply and others have to face the huge power of the financial market, which leads to a growing income gap between societies. The text has a mainly descriptive character but a few statistics are provided to support main paper’s thesis.
The structure of income inequality with particular emphasis on the economic middle class
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Szymańska, Anita
This study presents the main facts related to the development of income inequalities in OECD countries in recent years. In particular, the focus was on analysing the economic position of the middle class (middle income class), which is often neglected in analyses, in favour of the two extreme income groups, i.e. the poverty sphere and the group of the richest. It is worth filling this gap because the middle class is the backbone of modern society and decisively determines the possibilities of economic development. The analysis of the coefficients allowing the estimation of the size and affluence of the middle class indicates that this class is highly diversified among OECD countries. In countries such as: Slovakia, Slovenia, Norway, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Denmark, Hungary, Finland, Belgium, Sweden and Austria, there is a relatively large and affluent middle class. In contrast, in Anglo-Saxon countries, the middle class is relatively small and moderately affluent. The article empirically confirms the hypothesis that higher income inequalities are accompanied by middle-class erosion. Using the basic income ratio, in the form of the Gini coefficient for disposable income, a very strong negative correlation was identified both between this coefficient and the coefficient determining the size of the middle class (-0.91) and between the Gini coefficient and the coefficient determining the affluence of the middle class (-0, 84). Attention is paid to possible causes of the occurrence of the phenomenon of economic polarization. Proposals for solutions in the field of socio-economic policy aimed at limiting the scale of observed phenomena were also presented.
Quality of life in the countryside after Poland’s accession to the European Union
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Chmielewska, Barbara; Zegar, Józef Stanisław
The purpose of the study is to assess changes in the quality of life of the rural population in the period after Polish accession to the European Union (years 2006–2016). The study was conducted on the basis of the results of the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and household budgets survey by CSO. The assessment of the quality of life of the rural population was based on indicators characterizing the objective living conditions (income, expenses, infrastructure, environment, housing and furnishings) and on a subjective assessment. In the assessment of the quality of life, the environmental and climate advantages of rural areas were not taken into account. Basic indicators relate to individuals or households. Quality of life in rural areas is worse than in the cities, which is primarily due to the lower income of rural residents. Also, the level of expenditure is lower, mainly with respect to higher needs. The equipment of households with basic technical installations and durable goods, especially modern, is also worse in rural areas than in urban areas. The rural population subjectively evaluates their quality of life as worse than the urban population and they also believe that the ability to satisfy their needs is worse than in the cities.
Integrated development and modernisation of human capital are needed
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Woźniak, Michał Gabriel
The author of the article discusses the need to search for effective mechanisms, institutions, tools and management procedures for a harmonised increase of the quality of valuable life across all spheres of human existence and activity. To that end, he proposes abandoning the orientation of economics, economic policy and economic systems towards GDP growth and departing from the bureaucratic model of economically, ecologically and socially sustainable development promoted in the EU in favour of reflection regarding the consequences of the feedbacks arising from alternative resource allocations to various spheres of human existence. This reflection is to rely on the eight-sphere integrated development matrix presented by the author. In order to maximise the synergy effects of the inter-spherical feedbacks and minimise the negative external effects, he postulates: popularisation of integrated thinking about development in respect of the whole development area, entrepreneurial activities of the state oriented towards holistic reflective modernisation of human capital, especially modernisation of human capital quality and structure, reduction of frustrating inequalities, which bring about passive adaptation, and elimination of systemic institutional inconsistencies that prevent inclusive development.

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