Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy z. 69(1)/2022

URI dla tej Kolekcjihttp://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/8103

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Customs handling and sustainable development of enterprises
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022) Świerczyńska, Jowita
The aim of the paper is to present the essence of customs handling in the context of sustainable development of enterprises and to discuss its selected instruments of a pro-ecological nature, i.e., e-customs services. Thus, with a view to achieving this objective, the research hypothesis has been formulated as follows: the so-called pro-ecological solutions for handling customs administrative procedures, being familiar with them and their practical application, not only influence the facilitation of export and import transactions, but can also stimulate sustainable development management of enterprises. The article includes a theoretical part, as well as a practical one, in which examples of e-customs services offered in customs handling and benefits resulting from their use are indicated. The findings of the considerations of the paper are presented in the conclusion. The research was based on descriptive and comparative analysis, preceded by a review of sources from the subject literature. In the author’s opinion, transferring selected elements of customs handling from traditional processing to the model which takes advantage of modern information and communication technologies (ICT) helps companies to implement the idea of sustainable development. Information technologies play a key role in reducing the negative impact on the environment, and their development has created numerous new opportunities for customs handling, which are used by customs authorities with increasing success. It is important that over the coming years, the development of e-services for customs handling is continued, thus not only contributing to an improvement of the quality of business services but also the implementation of other aspects that are also crucial from the point of view of sustainable development of enterprises.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainable development during the Covid-19 pandemic
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022) Kubiczek, Jakub; Hadasik, Bartłomiej
The coronavirus pandemic affected all areas of social life and changed the conditions in which most industries operate. The current forms of profitable business activities were suspended in many sectors of the market, which forced entrepreneurs to adapt to the new market conditions. During the Covid-19 pandemic, particular attention should be paid to the activities of enterprises in two so far closely related areas: corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainable development (SD). Enterprises typically pursued sustainable development goals (SDGs) and supported them as part of their CSR. The paper is exploratory in nature and it aims to determine the degree of CSR commitment and the implementation of the SDGs during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic. The results show that the sudden outbreak of the pandemic and the equally dynamic response of governments left some enterprises in uncertainty as going concerns. However, financially sound companies have become committed to helping the population groups most affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, the pandemic situation has significantly distanced companies from achieving the intended long-term Global Goals, and the spread of the Covid-19 disease has a significant (mostly negative) impact on the sustainable development of the world. Furthermore, it is impossible to determine the long-term impact of a pandemic on CSR activities and on the implementation of the SDGs.
The role of the state during the Covid-19 pandemic in Poland and the Czech Republic. A comparative analysis
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022) Rogowska, Beata
The activity of the state during the crisis, as a rule, shows vulnerable areas, ones that are weaker or for a long time unreformed, representing the ‘weaknesses’ of a given economy. The aim of this paper is to compare areas requiring particular state aid in Poland and the Czech Republic in the context of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, taking into account their historical development. The choice of the countries is the deliberate methodological procedure due to the fact that both represent one of the key regions in Europe. The indicated countries are EU members, which determines the approach of the Czech Republic and Poland in the field of economic policy, including trade, social policy, food security, energy, and health protection (taking into account the competences of the member states in relation to the EU in this area). It was pointed out that both countries did not join the euro area. Tax concepts in the public finance of both countries were taken into account. Moreover, these countries are faced with similar ecological challenges such as the Green Deal which influences the necessary economic changes. Comparative analysis was used as a research method, taking into account not only the differences and similarities between the countries analysed. Both countries face civilization and development challenges, for example, digital changes, which determine the effectiveness of other public policies.
Housing security as an indicator of the living environment
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022) Kolesnikova, Irina I.
Housing is one of the core values that provide citizens with a sense of economic stability and security, as well as stimulate them to work productively. Housing is an important element of the quality of the living environment in Belarus. There is a problem in the republic of providing the population with comfortable and affordable housing. The identified regional differences in housing security, both between countries and between regions within the country, are due to the fact that different territories have a number of socio-economic, natural-geographical and ecological characteristics, which include: – within the country, this is the difference in the economic and geographical position of agricultural regions in terms of soil fertility for the cultivation of certain agricultural crops; radioactive contamination of certain territories of Belarus, the level of their development; – the difference between the countries is explained by different levels of social and economic development of territories, living standards of the population, differences in the development of the banking and financial and credit spheres, the industry of the regions, information transparency of the housing sector, and a number of other factors. This was confirmed using the index analysis of housing security of the population of the regions of Belarus and the cluster analysis of the aggregate of the CIS countries.
E-commerce development opportunities and limitations from the Generation Z perspective of Poland and Albania
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022) Kiełbasa, Barbara; Tartaraj, Azeta
The aim of the study was to identify challenges for the development of the e-commerce industry in Poland and Albania and to explore their directions and limitations in the opinion of young people. The study was formed by a literature review for qualitative research purposes and took an analysis approach through a survey method among students from the economic and management faculties. Respondents aged 18–30 participated in the survey from the reputedly more tech-savvy ʻGeneration Zʼ demographic group. The data obtained shows that the e-commerce industry, both in Poland and Albania, is undergoing significant changes and that the pandemic has accelerated these. Many established companies were those that trade on the Internet or offer e-services. Respondents indicated many benefits of running a business on the web; notably, the convenience of selling and lower operating costs. This form of running a business is attractive to younger people. However, they acknowledge some limitations. The most important barrier is high competition in the market and a lack of innovative ideas that would otherwise allow them to break into the market. Significantly, Albania has seen the development of its technological infrastructure, as well as the building of consumer confidence in this type of transaction. Taking into account the forecasts for e-commerce development for Poland and Albania, there is a need for up-to-date information on ways of setting up and running e-businesses. Expertise in this field is needed, as are qualified teaching and academic staff with sufficient knowledge of the evolving e-business environment.
Transformation of the energy sector and its impact on the European Union’s external trade in energy raw materials in 2000–2020
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022) Mucha-Leszko, Bogumiła; Wojtas, Monika
The purpose of the paper is to investigate the multifaceted impact of the transformation of the energy sector on domestic economies and international economic relations under the conditions of growing global interdependence. The authors formulate the following research question: What were the changes in the consumption and structure of generating energy, as well as the structure of exports and imports of energy sources, resulting from the transformation of the energy sector in the EU? The following methods were used. The theoretical analysis of the energy sector transformation is based on an interdisciplinary approach proposed by representatives of the International Political Economy. The empirical analysis uses the following indicators: growth rates of energy consumption, shares of selected countries and the EU in the global energy consumption, shares of major sources in the consumption of energy in selected economies, shares of major energy sources in exports and imports of the EU and its member states. Considering the achievements of the EU’s energy policy focused on decreasing the consumption of energy and departing from traditional sources (especially coal) to renewables, the authors concentrate on the results and consequences of the energy policy in the EU. It revealed that the EU had better results on the global scale in limiting energy consumption in 2000–2020. However, the transformation of the energy sector that leads to greater use of renewables is still in the initial stages. Oil and natural gas remain the main sources of energy consumption. When evaluating the impact of transformation on EU energy trade, the dependence on high energy imports in the EU is notable, which actually increased in 2000–2019 from 56.3% to 60.7%. The structure of the imports remained basically the same. The share of oil and natural gas increased slightly, from 88.7% to 89.8%, and the share of renewables climbed from 0.1% to 1.4%. An unfavourable change from the point of view of EU energy policy is the growing share of solid fossil fuels, which was, for the most part, caused by imports to Poland, Slovakia, Czechia and Germany. The structure of exports was quite stable, with oil and natural gas as dominant sources (73.5% and 13.3%, respectively). However, the share of solid fossil fuels in EU exports decreased from 8.8% to 2.8% (2000–2019), which is a positive trend.
Regional differentiation of human capital – analysis based on the Mincer wage equation
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022) Mowczan, Damian
The main objective of this paper was an attempt to assess the differentiation of human capital at the level of Polish regions (voivodeships, NUTS-2 level). For this purpose, we used unidentifiable unit data from a survey the Central Statistical Office conducted on the structure of wages and salaries in October 2016 (Z-12), data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), and data on the life expectancy of women and men. The GUS microdata from the Z-12 study was used to estimate the parameters of the Mincer-type extended wage regression, separately for each voivodeship. In the next step, these estimates were used as weights to calculate the human capital index, taking into account the health condition, education, and professional experience of employees. The values of the aforementioned measure were estimated for 2016 and 2019 (the assumption of weight stability over a short time period was made). The analysis conducted made it possible to determine which regions are characterised by the highest and lowest levels of human capital. The highest levels of human capital were found in Mazowieckie, Pomorskie, and Małopolskie. The voivodeships with the lowest level of the considered measures were Lubuskie, Warmińsko-Mazurskie, Podlaskie, Podkarpackie, and Łódzkie. When comparing the values of the human capital index between 2016 and 2019, it can be concluded that the regions with the lowest value of this measure were also characterised by lower dynamics (the only exception was Lubelskie). Such a situation will probably favor the divergence of human capital between regions. This may, therefore, translate into the persistence (or deepening) of differences in the levels of development of these voivodeships, compared to more developed regions.
Household income inequality in Poland between 2005 and 2019: A decomposition of the Gini coefficient by income sources
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022) Graca-Gelert, Patrycja
The aim of this paper is the empirical analysis of the Gini coefficient decomposition by income sources in Poland between 2005 and 2013. The decomposition was used to assess the contribution of income components to the overall income inequality in Poland. The empirical analysis was based on non-identifiable, individual household budget survey data collected by the Central Statistical Office of Poland. The method of decomposition by income components applied in this study was the approach of Lerman and Yitzhaki (1985). The study revealed that employment income contributed to the greatest extent to overall income inequality in Poland during the analysis period. At the same time, this income source showed a significant increase in explaining inequality, reaching almost 64% in 2019. Apart from employment, among all of the income sources analysed, only the contribution of social security benefits to income disparities changed significantly, dropping from almost 19% in 2005 to 7% in 2019. Income from self-employment explained about 15% of inequality in Poland throughout the analysed period. The contribution of the rest of income sources to income inequality was also relatively stable, though less significant. The only income category that contributed negatively to inequality was the other social benefits component. The largest impact of a marginal change in income components on overall inequality was due to income from employment (positive effect) and social security benefits (negative effect). A negative impact of a marginal change in specific income sources on inequality was observed in the case of social security benefits, other social benefits, and other income.
Change in the level of socio-economic development in Poland in the subregional dimension
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022) Spychała, Marcin
The compilation involved an analysis of the level of socioeconomic development at the NUTS-3 subregion level in Poland, based on 60 indicators classified within 4 subcomponents (factors) of regional development: material capital, human capital, natural environment and both innovativeness and entrepreneurship. The purpose of the article is to present the varied nature of the socio-economic level of development in Poland based on the NUTS-3 subregion concept. The level of socio-economic development, as well as the level of its shaping factors, is presented based on a synthetic gap exhibiting the taxonomic distance of a particular subregion in terms of the established pattern of development. The examination was carried out in the static dimension (based on the values of the indicators in 2019) as well as in parallel with the dynamic dimension (based on changes in the values of the gaps in the years 2010–2019). In the compilation, a hypothesis which was tested according to which the socio-economic development of the subregions in Poland is highly varied, and its highest level is registered in the largest provincial cities: Warsaw, Cracow, Wrocław and Poznań, and the lowest in the subregions far away from these major cities, which constitute the centers of development.

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