Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy z. 81(1)/2025

URI dla tej Kolekcjihttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/11713

Przeglądaj

Aktualnie wyświetlane 1 - 10 z 10

Right-wing vs. left-wing: comparative analysis of pension systems in Paraguay and Venezuela in the context of extreme political ideologies
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2025-03) Poteraj, Jarosław
The pension systems in Latin America have experienced significant transformations influenced by political ideologies. Paraguay and Venezuela present contrasting cases, with right-wing and left-wing policies, respectively. This paper analyzes how these ideologies shaped pension reforms in both countries, focusing on their outcomes and sustainability. This article aims to compare the pension systems of Paraguay and Venezuela to understand how extreme political ideologies impact social security policies. It identifies strengths and weaknesses of both systems, and evaluates broader implications for economic stability and social equity. A comparative analysis is conducted using both qualitative and quantitative data from government reports, international organizations, and academic sources. The analysis includes case studies and historical data to highlight differences in the systems and the political contexts behind them. Right-wing policies in Paraguay emphasize privatization, leading to inequality and potential financial instability, while Venezuela’s left-wing policies focus on state control and redistribution, resulting in financial challenges and reduced public trust. This paper contributes to the understanding of how political ideologies affect social security systems, offering insights for policymakers and researchers.
Social and financial inequalities in the availability of public transport in selected capitals of Polish voivodeships
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2025-03) Waligóra, Kamil
The aim of the article was to determine the scale of the impact of the financial barrier in public collective transport (hereinafter: PCT) in selected local government units and to compare selected voivodeship cities – metropolitan centers in terms of the mobility policy applied in the financial aspect. The study aims to identify differences in transport accessibility based on the relationship between ticket prices and residents’ incomes and to examine the potential effects of eliminating fees for public transport use on reducing social inequalities. Moreover, the aim was to benchmark selected voivodeship cities – metropolitan centres, in terms of the applied tariff policy within the framework of public transport (hereinafter: PCT) in comparison with the disposable income of the population. The research problem was the affordability of public collective transport in selected LGUs. 9 out of 10 largest Polish cities in terms of population. So far, none of them has implemented unconditional free public transport. Therefore, there is a financial barrier, which in the case of the lowest-earning residents, makes it difficult to meet current life needs. The analysis was carried out in mid-2024 based on data from the turn of 2023/2024 and selected, from 2022, mostly from public statistics, including the Central Statistical Office (Polish: GUS). Polish and foreign literature and industry press were used. The own study was based on information from LGUs and their communication companies. Finally, the analyzed cities were categorized in terms of the adopted criteria. It can be stated that the lack of fees for using PCT will translate into a reduction in social inequalities in a given LGU. The scale of this change cannot be determined ex-ante, and therefore the effectiveness of such a policy cannot be estimated. As part of the benchmarking, the studied group can be divided into three categories in terms of financial accessibility: highly accessible (Gdańsk, Kraków, Poznań), with average financial accessibility (Lublin, Szczecin and Wrocław) and with low financial accessibility (Białystok, Bydgoszcz and Łódź).
Evaluating the efficiency of regional innovation systems in Europe: DEA approach
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2025-03) Łącka, Irena; Brzezicki, Łukasz
For many years, regional innovation systems in Europe have been studied and compared against each other within the framework of the Regional Innovation Scoreboard. However, it has a number of drawbacks, e.g. the combined input-output approach, which does not respond to societal expectations, as in this era of all-round economisation, it is the outputs of the activity that are more important than the potential contained in the inputs. Therefore, in our study we focused on an approach aimed at maximising the outputs achieved by regional innovation systems. The results of the study indicated that, even taking into account negative environmental outcomes, the vast majority of regional innovation systems show efficiency. We have shown that although the regional innovation systems group studied is highly efficient, our research indicates that in the long term, the narrow classification into four innovation groups according to the Regional Innovation Scoreboard methodology is increasingly less useful, as there is a reduction in the number of groups as a result of the ‘shift’ of units to three main ones. We also provided recommendations for EU regional innovation policy on the Regional Innovation Scoreboard tool. Our recommendation is to introduce more differentiated variables into the European survey and to focus more on evaluating the innovation system from the perspective of the results obtained and less on an input approach.
Investment method in the Mexican pension system: consequences for economic growth and social inequalities
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2025-03) Poteraj, Jarosław
The aim of the article is to present and analyze the application of the investment method in Mexico’s pension system and to assess its impact on economic growth, financial stability, social inequalities, and the level of pension benefits. Specifically, the article discusses how the diversity and efficiency of investment strategies implemented within the investment method by AFORE pension funds influence economic outcomes and social disparities. By comparing the investment performance of Mexican pension funds with international benchmarks, the study explores how effective asset management contributes to economic growth through capital accumulation and impacts inequalities by affecting retirement income distribution. The pension reform in Mexico, introduced in 1997, shifted the system from a pay-as-you-go to a defined contribution model managed by private funds (AFORE). While high investment returns can promote economic growth and reduce social inequalities by enhancing pension adequacy, poor investment decisions pose risks of financial instability, potentially exacerbating income disparities among retirees. Using empirical data, the article evaluates the effectiveness of the investment method used by AFORE in achieving balanced economic and social outcomes.
FinTech as a key factor in financing SMEs growth in the digital age
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2025-03) Pohulak-Żołędowska, Elżbieta; Wójcik-Czerniawska, Agnieszka
This article examines the role of financial technology (FinTech) in addressing the challenges faced by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in accessing finance. It begins by examining the historical context of financial innovation and its impact on economic growth and stability. The financial crisis of 2007–2008 highlighted the need for alternative financing solutions, leading to the emergence of FinTech as a disruptive force in the banking sector. The article discusses the various barriers to SME finance, including high costs, information asymmetry and lack of collateral, and how FinTech solutions have addressed these challenges. Through the application of digital financial services and innovative business models, FinTech has facilitated faster, easier and cheaper lending and capital raising processes for SMEs. It has also reduced information asymmetry through the use of alternative data sources and advanced analytics. The article also highlights the role of large technology companies in providing digital financial products and services, alongside traditional financial institutions and FinTech startups. In addition, it emphasises the wider impact of FinTech on SMEs, including improving operational efficiency, facilitating international expansion and fostering innovation. Overall, FinTech is presented as a critical enabler of SME growth and economic development in both domestic and international markets.
Management of the enterprise wage fund in the context of the EAF Model
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2025-03) Renkas, Iryna; Rosa, Kacper
This study aims to develop and verify in empirical applications an economic model for determining the real level of employee remuneration, human capital utilization, and managerial efficiency within enterprises. Amidst ongoing debates concerning wage structures and compensation systems, this research introduces the Economic Activity Function (EAF) as a tool for analyzing labor productivity and wage distribution. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining a literature review to establish the role of the economic constant a = 0.08 [1/year] in compensation analysis with an empirical case study of Komfort-Eko Ltd. Utilizing financial statement data, key indicators—including the Management Index (M) and the Labour Productivity Index (Q)—were calculated to assess wage fund allocation efficiency. Findings reveal that the EAF framework enables the estimation of crucial managerial indicators, serving as a valuable instrument for evaluating corporate performance and optimizing remuneration structures. By forecasting labor productivity for subsequent periods, businesses can predict remuneration levels, including bonus allocations, thereby enhancing financial planning and employee motivation. The implications of this study extend to policymakers and business leaders, providing a robust analytical framework for evaluating management quality, labor productivity, and remuneration fairness. The predictive capabilities of the EAF model facilitate financial scenario planning and decision-making, ultimately contributing to a more structured and data-driven approach to corporate wage management.
Couriers and drivers – women or men? Opinions on gender in platform work “via apps” in Poland
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2025-03) Tusińska, Magdalena
The article examines gender-related perceptions and stereotypes of platform-based courier and driver jobs, focusing on factors such as physical aptitude, safety concerns, work flexibility, and anonymity. The theoretical background to the empirical research was the theory of statistical discrimination. The main purpose was to provide the views of Polish residents on gender diversity in the context of platform work as couriers for delivering meals from restaurants or shopping and taxi drivers. The following hypothesis was set: clients might be guided by stereotypes in their opinions given to platforms workers. The methods used were critical analysis of the scientific achievements of literature and a diagnostic survey, using the questionnaire technique. The paper explores the concept of digital labour platforms (DLPs) focusing on offline service delivery and provides a concise overview of statistical discrimination theory. It also examines the results of a survey conducted among adult inhabitants of Polish cities. The findings indicate that while certain gendered perceptions remain strong, attitudes seem to be not far away from gender neutrality.
The better you fit the job, the better you are suited to the team. The case of Poland
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2025-03) Piotrowska, Maria
In the person-environment fit literature there is limited research on the effect that compatibility between an employee and his or her job exerts on the compatibility between the employee and the team he or she works in. This study sheds light on this relationship by revealing two mechanisms through which Person-Job (PJ) fit influences Person-Group (PG) fit. In the first mechanism, this influence is mediated by self-esteem and supervisor satisfaction, while in the second one, by interpersonal justice and social cohesion. Personality traits and gender are moderators. Both mechanisms are tested for demand-ability fit and need-supply fit, as well as for internal and external forms of team fit. The study uses conditional process analysis and data provided from a survey of 826 Poles with MA or BA degrees at productive age, i.e. 25–45 years old. The results show that meeting the needs of team members for Autonomy has a stronger impact on their positive behaviour than satisfying their expectations regarding Promotion. Employees who are given greater independence have better relationships with both their supervisor and their teammates.
Horizontal gender segregation and gender pay gap (GPG) in the light of social value of work and sustainable development. Case for Poland
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2025-03) Andrałojć, Magdalena
The persistence of horizontal gender segregation and the gender pay gap (GPG) poses a significant challenge to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Success in reaching these goals requires considering both the economic and social aspects of work. In ongoing academic discourse, the topic of social value is increasingly addressed, and it serves as the background for the analyses in this article. The article aims to answer the question of the level of feminization and GPG in professions with varying levels of social value. The hypothesis is that professions with high social value are more feminized and have a lower pay gap compared to those with low social value. The study uses a mixed-method approach, integrating survey data from 2020 with statistical data from the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS), focusing on professions classified at the third level of the ISCO-08 classification. This combination provides a detailed analysis of gender segregation and the GPG concerning the social value of work. The findings suggest that, in order to reduce pay inequalities, it is important not only to reduce horizontal segregation but also to support and recognize professions with a high level of social value.
Disparities in employment and education across European Union member states
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2025-03) Pawlas, Iwona
The article focuses on disparities in education and employment. The main aim is to evaluate scope and scale of disparities in education and employment among the EU Member States. The spatial scope of the research covers 27 EU Member States. The time scope of the research covers the period 2016–2023 (selected four years, in particular: 2016, 2019, 2020, 2023). The following hypothesis was verified during the research: Disparities in education and employment between EU countries are widening. The study was carried out using two selected methods of multivariate comparative analysis, namely Hellwig taxonomic measure of development (TMD) and standard deviations’ method of grouping linearly ordered objects. The significance of balanced development was stressed numerous times in the EU documents. The EU Action Plan for European Pillar of Social Rights emphasized the need to achieve high employment rate, reduce gender employment gap, lower early school leavers from education and training rate, promote tertiary education attainment and adult participation in learning. The necessity to solve the problem of young people NEET was also underlined. The conducted research confirmed the truth of the hypothesis assuming increasing disparities in employment and education across EU countries. The largest employment and education disparities are between the Scandinavian countries and Romania, Greece, Italy, Spain. The Scandinavian countries are distinguished by high employment rates, really low gender employment gaps, extremely high enrollment in higher education and life-long learning, relatively low NEET rates. As for the countries that make up the G1 group, their situation is due to coupled problems such as low employment rates, high NEET rates, relatively high unemployment rates, as well as large gender employment gaps and extremely low intensity of adult participation in training. The persistence and rise of disparities in education and employment between EU Member States is a serious problem for the EU, as this situation makes it difficult to create a more cohesive and convergent European Union. Therefore, active actions should be advocated to promote education and greater professional activity in those EU countries that struggle most with the problem of low employment and education.

Przeglądaj

Ostatnio nadesłane materiały