Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy z. 67(3)/2021

URI dla tej Kolekcjihttp://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/6836

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Aktualnie wyświetlane 1 - 9 z 9

Economics of moderation. Towards sustainable development
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Siuta-Tokarska, Barbara
The article describes attempts at implementation of the idea of sustainable development in the world economy of the 21st century. The presented research is theoretical. The aim of the study is to set economics of moderation as a theory in the evolution of economic thought. The problem of sustainable development in the world economy has been depicted in relation to ongoing environmental, social and economic changes, pointing to the negative effects of the implementation of the current consumption model of contemporary economies. “Economics of moderation” is a new, unique approach to the theory of economics forming some kind of theoretical basis to the practical implementation of a real development restoring the right understanding of intergenerational harmony and justice. In the research work, an analysis of the literature on the subject, both domestic and foreign, was used within the scope of research methods of social sciences in the field of analysis and criticism of literature, as well as analysis and logical construction.
The digital gender divide. A focus on inclusion through mobile phone use in India
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Tusińska, Magdalena
Due to the growing use of ICTs in all areas of life, the means to access these technologies and skills to operate them are regarded as important prerequisites for social inclusion or, more specifically, e-inclusion. In developing states, mobile connectivity has become an important way for people to access the internet since smartphones are more affordable than computers and break down such access barriers as costs of infrastructure, equipment and required skills. The aim of the article is to present the benefits and limitations of digital inclusion through mobile access from a gender perspective and to investigate the barriers to this process. The research is undertaken from an Indian perspective. The theses verified are: 1) mobile access can represent a pragmatic solution to the digital divide, including the digital gender divide, even if mobile-only internet use does not necessarily lead to complete e-inclusion, 2) due to the nature of barriers to access, the digital gender divide remains a persistent problem in India. The research methods used were literature review, analysis of statistical data, online sources and elements of a case study. Access to mobile devices and the internet are not gender-neutral in India. There are a number of root causes of the digital gender divide, including financial constraints, technological illiteracy, as well as socio-cultural norms. Therefore, government and business activities should focus on these areas.
Tax-based forms of state aid in Poland as compared to other EU states
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Spychała, Marcin
The paper presents the structure of state aid in Poland as compared with other EU member states, with an emphasis on tax instruments. Tax preferences are a significant form of state aid in Poland, and their importance in the structure of state aid provided differs across the EU states. The added value of the paper is to provide current knowledge concerning the sources of tax-based forms of state aid. The theoretical aspects of state aid are discussed and the tax-based forms of state aid in Poland presented. The empirical research was based on the following research methods: descriptive analysis, quantitative analysis and comparative analysis. The statistical data has been drawn from the Consumer Protection Offices on state aid granted to Poland, the latter data being transferred to the European Commission and forming the basis for the EU papers for the State Aid Scoreboard available in the Eurostat database. Tax preferences are a significant form of state aid granted in Poland, as they constitute the second most important (after grants) form of state aid, in terms of their financial value. The importance of state aid in the form of tax-based instruments differs across the EU states. In most of them tax preferences are the second most important, in terms of financial value, form of state aid. However, their share within the structure of the aid is to a large extent varied. The subject matter of state aid, including particularly its tax-based forms, seems to be especially intriguing as well as significant in contemporary tax studies.
Regional differentiation of direct support for farmers in Poland as exemplified by selected regions
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Sadłowski, Adrian
The objective of this study was to measure the dispersion of the unit level of support, paid under the direct payment scheme, among voivodeships with a similar average agricultural holding size, and to identify the reasons for this dispersion. It begins with a description of the shape of the direct payments scheme in Poland. The paper further presents and analyses the results of the measurement of dispersion of support as part of the direct payment scheme between voivodeships with no significant differences in the sizes of agricultural holdings. It has been shown that this dispersion is a result of the differences in the structure of support absorbed by farmers in individual regions. The measurement of the support level is the average aid amount per unit of agricultural area and the average aid amount per one beneficiary. The source material used in this paper was the data from the Polish paying agency responsible for direct payments made to farmers, i.e. the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture. The reference period of the study is 2018. As three voivodeships with the most similar average farm size were selected, the study covered Łódzkie, Śląskie and Lubelskie Voivodeships. The analysis was performed with the use of descriptive statistics methods. The data was visualised with the use of pie and bar charts, and a choropleth map. It was found that the instrument with a particularly strong potential for the impact on support level in absolute terms (per one holding) and relative terms (per 1 hectare of agricultural land in a holding) is the so called voluntary coupled support. With this instrument, European Union Member States can adjust the distribution of funds between individual regions, reducing the strength of a relationship between the volume of support absorbed by individual regions and their abundance in agricultural land. The intention of such actions may be to compensate for social inequalities or to stimulate growth in peripheral areas.
Conditions for the career development of young people with higher education from a regional perspective
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Szydlik-Leszczyńska, Agata
Changes taking place in the contemporary world have stimulated a faster development of knowledge and have led to the need for businesses to adjust to them, including in their expectations towards their employees. Employees and young people have entered a higher level on a larger scale, which has consequently resulted in an influx of a large number of people with higher education into the labour market. The aim of this study is to present the regional conditioning of professional careers and the perspectives for their development based on the case of young people with higher education in the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship. The term professional career has been presented, as well as its stages, the situation of young people, including those with higher education, and factors limiting its development in the region. A professional career is a crucial element in the lives of contemporary humans. It determines their status and, thanks to it, they can develop and fulfil their ambitions. However, the development of a career is hindered in smaller and less developed communities, where there is a shortage of workplaces for people with higher education. It forces young people to migrate to large cities of a metropolitan character, where there are better possibilities of development and higher earnings. This results in a deficit of valuable human capital and in the deepening of the hard demographic and economic situation in the problem region. The article is of a cognitive character, with its research methods being literature studies and statistical data analysis. In order to achieve full comparability, the following study is based on the data available until the end of 2017 because there is some shortage of data for the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship in the following years.
Demography of small and medium enterprises in Belarus
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Kolesnikova, Irina I.
Business demography is an important information basis for making strategic decisions in the business area. This allows institutional bodies to optimally adjust their policies regarding the development of entrepreneurship nationally in such areas as regional development, employment, unemployment, education, sources of financing for small and medium-sized businesses, innovation policy, simplification of bureaucratic procedures, etc. Business demographic indicators characterise the dynamics of economic development through the adaptation of economic structures to changing market conditions. In addition, they assess the potential contribution that new start-ups can make to the important employment problem through job creation. At the same time, the organisation is primarily seen as a community of people, and capital optimisation is presented as an addition to the optimisation of people. In the study, in addition to analysing the classic indicators of business demography such as the activity population of enterprises, “birth”, “survival” (up to five years after birth), “death”, etc., a new indicator was proposed for implementation: the natural increase rate in the number of organisations in Belarus calculated both for the economy and for the types of economic activity. The study will help to develop recommendations for developing measures in the field of entrepreneurship development using a regression model that identifies the relationship between changes in business demographics and employment. A set of measures to support entrepreneurship are becoming an integral part of national economic policy, a powerful factor in increasing the level of “survival” of enterprises and increasing the share of “fast-growing” organisations. This contributes to the achievement of sustainable development goals. Stimulating development and support for small business, with the ability to quickly respond to changes in market conditions, will help provide the “coronavirus” economy with the necessary flexibility, an especially important factor in the context of COVID-19.
Ordering of innovation projects by multi-criteria decision-making methods – a comparison
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Mizla, Martin; Šefčíková, Denisa; Gajdoš, Jozef
In the case of the integration process, economic and social differences between economic units represent a barrier. There are reasonable and active efforts of many administrative bodies to transfer the existing inequalities to equalities. In practical life, it is often necessary to order different objects and take a decision based on it. Decision-making can be intuitive or, conversely, based on various quantitative methods. The paper discusses some quantitative methods of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), namely Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC); and their use for innovation projects. Autonomous orders of objects (projects) are performed on the same basic data set by the above-mentioned methods, and they are compared with each other. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used for mutual comparison. The test results showed that the investigated methods do not provide results with a close dependence, which means that the order of objects (projects) created depends on the method used.
Organisation of running events – reducing exclusions and improving the quality of life
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Łuczak, Jacek
Physical activity is a basic factor of human development – it brings satisfaction, vitality, energy, has a therapeutic dimension and affects the quality of life. Among the large group of amateur athletes, there are people vulnerable to social exclusions related to disabilities, psychological dysfunctions, sex and social status. For these people sport is a cure for loneliness and lack of self-confidence, as well as it positively affects their motivation to overcome barriers, which is reflected in other spheres of their lives. One sport that in particular integrates different social groups is running, as confirmed by the growing number of amateur runners, training activities dedicated to them and running events organised for them. However, it is important that organisers of such events ensure the safety of participants and take care of their satisfaction and comfort by holistic planning of all organisational activities. The study hypothesised that factors concerning the safety, comfort and satisfaction of participants play a vital role in organising running events. The aim of the article was to identify and assess the risk of organising running competitions for amateurs in the context of ensuring safety and satisfaction for all participants of the event. In particular, the author noted the risk factors of a social nature, conducive to integration, associated with countering exclusions. The paper presents test results for national competitions involving 21 and 42 km runs. The identification of risk factors was performed by 10 experts (the Delphi method) and 27 representatives of 7 running events organised in Poland (2017–2018) (risk estimate, a questionnaire) took part in the risk estimation. Risk estimation was carried out on the basis of average (effect and probability). The results of the study provide unequivocal information about the spheres of organising sporting events which in the highest degree can affect the safety and comfort of their participants and the perception of the competition itself. Among the key risks there were: inadequate financial and organisational resources, route capacity, or technical problems. Moreover, the paper includes an attempt to discuss results of other research.
Knowledge-based economy: wealth owners portfolio choices and financialisation. A wealth supply analysis
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Valente, Riccardo
Based on a data and literature analysis as well as autonomous theoretical reasoning and argumentation by the author, the present article discusses the relevance of financialisation and portfolio choice changes under the present phase of development of modern economies. Relying upon the earlier studies by the author which stress that knowledge-based economy can be characterised as a low profitability of investment in physical capital, higher income inequalities, lower physical capital and economic growth rate phase of the development of economic systems, the present work provides variously conceived arguments to support the idea that significant portfolio choice changes by wealth owners are a relevant feature of knowledge-based economy. Some of the implications of the economic theory of the availability of assets other than physical capital and other assets more connected with production needs were thus discussed, pointing out that this leads mainly to the negation of the necessary arrival of mainstream counterbalance mechanisms which support the affirmation of higher physical capital accumulation when higher income inequalities are recorded.

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