Osady kultury trzcinieckiej i tarnobrzeskiej kultury łużyckiej na stanowisku nr 3 w Mokrzyszowie, pow. tarnobrzeski

Osada na stanowisku nr 3 w Mokrzyszowie, mimo niewielkiego zakresu przestrzennego badań oraz pewnych braków dokumentacyjnych, z całą pewnością warta jest uwagi. Analiza odkrytych materiałów, nie funkcjonujących dotąd w literaturze, wskazała na istnienie tu dwóch horyzontów osadniczych, które powiązano z kulturą trzciniecką i tarnobrzeską kulturą łużycką. Szczegółowa prezentacja zarejestrowanych źródeł poszerza zatem katalog stanowisk tych kultur w Polsce południowo-wschodniej, a zwłaszcza obszaru prawobrzeża w rejonie dolnego odcinka górnej Wisły. Jest to o tyle istotne, gdyż materiały kultury trzcinieckiej nie są w tym regionie silnie reprezentowane i omówiona tu osada wypełnia istotną lukę w zakresie rozpoznania tutejszych struktur osadniczych tego czasu. Jednocześnie, wyznacza ona nowy, niepotwierdzony do tej pory w wyniku badań powierzchniowych mikroregion (?) osadniczy ludności trzcinieckiego kręgu kulturowego. Z kolei osada tarnobrzeskiej kultury łużyckiej wpisuje się w istniejącą już w tym obszarze lokalną sieć osadniczą, stając się – jako jedna z niewielu przebadanych osad regionu – punktem odniesienia do funkcjonujących tu układów, a zwłaszcza dla – omówionego już w literaturze przedmiotu – nieodległego cmentarzyska ciałopalnego na stanowisku nr 2 w Mokrzyszowie.

Site No. 3 in Mokrzyszów was excavated in 1975 by Kazimierz Moskwa. The research covered an area of 200 square meters, within which a cultural-natural layer was identified, containing the relics of 16 settlement pits. Unfortunately, as for a significant number of these we do not have complete documentation – either the full outline of the pit or/and its vertical cross-section is missing. One pit (feature no. 9, probably the one with a storage function) was associated with the Trzciniec Culture (henceforth TC); the other features should be linked with the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture (henceforth TLC). These features – generally rather small items – were oval, circular, or irregular in shape; in their cross-sections, they most often took a basin-shaped, bath-shaped, or similar forms. They had certainly various functions in the economic system within the place where they existed. The movable finds coming from the settlement in Mokrzyszów consist exclusively of ceramic materials, which are highly fragmented and damaged. They represent two chronological horizons – the Trzciniec Culture and the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture. The TC ceramics from the site are characterized by carefully smoothed surfaces, relatively good firing, and mineral temper added usually in moderate amounts. Due to the strong fragmentation of the collection, it is generally impossible to identify specific ceramic forms. However, among the analysed material, vase-shaped vessel (Chart VII:12), pottery sherds of one-piece bowls with straight rims (Chart VI:15), as well as the form determined based on rim sherds with diagonally cut edges (Chart V:3,14,18; VI:3,6; VII:1,8,13,14) – pot-shaped vessels with S-shaped profiles were distinguished. Additionally, several fragments decorated in a manner typical for this culture were recorded, i.e., with plastic strips (Chart V:3; VI:7) or multiplied incised lines running around the vessel (Chart V:14,15; VI:2,14; VII:12,15). As for the Trzciniec Culture, this group of ornaments is registered mainly in the context of ceramic materials from the early and classical phases. Regarding multi-element incised motifs and plastic strips with a roof-shaped cross-section, present in this collection, they are among the most popular motifs associated to the indicated stage of stylistic development of pottery in the aforementioned culture. Elements from other phases of the Trzciniec Culture indicating younger chronological sections are poorly represented in this assemblage. Considering the TLC material, in turn, the pottery was tempered with crushed stone of various proportions and grain size (most often finegrained temper), often accompanied by medium-sized grains, whereases coarse temper was observed sporadically. Here, we are dealing with a clear dominance of bicolored brown pottery (in light and dark shades), which also includes brick-red and grey-brown wares that should be associated with III technology group (comprising more than 80% of the material). A characteristic feature of the Mokrzyszów settlement assemblage is the relatively high frequency of pottery representing II technology group (over 14% of the assemblage), while other technological groups (I tg and IV tg) are present only in trace quantities. A clear dominance of rough-surfaced vessels (rough, coarse, granulated, or smeared) is observed, accounting for nearly 60% of the assemblage. A smaller proportion of the analysed material consists of vessels with damaged surfaces (about 6%); the remainder are fragments with smooth surfaces (over 30%). The following forms have been distinguished: pot-shaped vessels, bowls, cups/scoops, vases, and plate-pancake dishes. However, the majority are fragments for which it is impossible to determine their typological or stylistic affiliation. Some of the collection comprises characteristic decorative elements such as plastic strips, knobs, openwork or impressed ornamentation, including stamped and incised decorations. Richly developed plastic ornamentation, openwork, and relief ornaments are characteristic of the third developmental phase of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture. Chronologically significant are also ornaments from the stamped pottery and forest-steppe cultural circle, which allow the dating of the discussed material to be connected to the Early Iron Age. The settlement at site No. 3 in Mokrzyszów, despite the limited scope of research and certain gaps in documentation, is undoubtedly noteworthy. A detailed presentation of the sources recorded, but previously unknown in the literature, including the described two settlement horizons expands the catalogue of sites of these cultures in southeastern Poland, especially on the right-bank area of the lower section of the upper Vistula. This is particularly significant, as the Trzciniec Culture materials are not strongly represented in this region, and the settlement discussed here fills an important gap in our knowledge of the settlement structures of the Trzciniec cultural circle. At the same time, it indicates a new, previously unconfirmed (by surface surveys) microregion of settlement represented by the population of this culture. On the other hand, the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture settlement fits into the already existing local settlement network in the mentioned area, becoming (as one of the few excavated settlements in the region) a reference point for the functioning systems here, especially for the nearby cremation cemetery at site No. 2 in Mokrzyszów.