Endogenous and exogenous factors influencing anti-Müllerian hormone levels in women of reproductive age

Abstract

Introduction and aim. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a key marker of ovarian reserve (OR), which declines with advancing reproductive age. Certain pathological conditions can reduce OR or lower AMH levels independently of age, potentially impairing fertility. This study aims to review the scientific literature on factors influencing AMH levels and the causes of diminished OR, including lifestyle, diet, supplementation, pathogenic factors, environmental influences, and genetic predispositions. Material and methods. This review was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. A comprehensive search was carried out across these databases, covering the period from 2007 to 2024. The inclusion criteria encompass studies on AMH and factors influencing ovarian reserve, that present either quantitative or qualitative data. Analysis of the literature. The most important factor determining the level of AMH is age. In addition, factors that may influence hormone levels include genetic background, autoimmune diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), environmental toxins, diet, supplementation, oral contraception, physical activity, and smoking. Conclusion. The causes of reduced OR and abnormal AMH levels remain unclear in many cases. Recommendations for the prevention of pathologically reduced OR include lifestyle modifications, a diet rich in antioxidants, avoiding toxins, refraining from smoking, appropriate supplementation, genetic testing, and regular blood tests.