Kultura trypolska etapu C-II w międzyrzeczu Dniestru, Bugu i Horynia
Ładowanie...
Data
Autorzy
Tytuł czasopisma
ISSN czasopisma
Tytuł tomu
Wydawca
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
Abstrakt
Celem przedstawionej rozprawy pt. „Kultura trypolska
etapu C-II w międzyrzeczu Dniestru, Bugu i Horynia”
było zbadanie i zinterpretowanie zjawisk kulturowych
zachodzących na terenie Wołynia i Podola w drugiej
połowie i w końcu IV tys. BC.
Pod względem chronologicznym przedstawione
opracowanie obejmuje dosyć długi, ponad 500-letni
okres czasu. Według dzisiejszej chronologii względnej
oraz absolutnej KT jest to etap C-II, który to badacze
łączą z okresem 3600/3500 – 3000/2600 BC. Na tej
podstawie w pracy przyjęto podział na dwie fazy etapu
CII; wczesną datowaną na lata 3600 - 3300 BC i późną
datowaną na lata 3300 - 3000-2600 BC. Pierwsza faza jest związana z zanikiem kłasycznych elementów
kultury trypolskiej i pojawieniem się istotnych zmian w
kulturze materialnej i gospodarce, wyraźnie widocznych
w kontekście migracji, organizacji osadnictwa,
domostw, przemysłu itd. (grupa brynzeńska, grupa
koszyłowiecka, grupa horiv-nowomalin, grupa
kolodiażyn). Druga faza etapu C-II to pojawienie tzw.
kultury post-klasycznej (grupa gordineşti-kasperowcy,
grupa trojaniw, grupa sofiivka), wskutek poważnych
zmian związanych zapewne z migracjami, wymianą
kulturową, czynnikami ekologicznymi i innymi
procesami pod koniec IV tys. BC.
Obszar jaki analizowano w pracy to zachodnie
terytorium współczesnej Ukrainy . Zasięg przestrzenny
opracowania obejmuje ponad 40 tys. km². W aktualnym
administracyjnym podziale Ukrainy to: południowe
terytorium obwodów rówieńskiego oraz częściowo
wołyńskiego, terytorium obwodów chmielnickiego oraz
tarnopolskiego; północna część obwodów
czernowieckiego, iwano-frankowskiego oraz zachodnia
część obwodu lwowskiego.
Terytorium geomorfologiczne dotyczy dwóch
jednostek: pierwsza to wyżynna część – Wyżyny
Wołyńsko-Podolskiej; druga to terytorium nizinne:
Małego Polesia. Środowisko hydrologiczne: w
południowej strefie to środkowa oraz część górnego
Dniestru oraz jego główne lewe dopływy – Gniła Lipa,
Seret, Strypa, Złota Lipa, Zbrucz. Na północy
opracowanie obejmuje górne oraz środkowe dorzecze
Horynia oraz główne dopływy –Vilię oraz r. Ustię. Na
północnym zachodzie to górne oraz środkowe dorzecze
Styru oraz jego główne dopływy – Ikwa (prawobrzeżna),
oraz Czarnoguzka (lewobrzeżna). Na południowym zachodzie opracowanie dotyczy górnych źródeł Bugu. W
pracy epizodycznie rozpatrywano terytorium
środkowego Bugu.
Podstawowe założenie w przedstawionej pracy
jest próba systematyzacji źródeł ceramicznych z dalszą
możliwością wyróżnienia cech kulturowych dla różnych
stref mezoregionalnych. Ogromny region rozpatrywany
w mojej pracy jest powiązany z poszukiwaniem
głównych markerów osadniczych, kontaktów i szlaków
ekonomicznych czy komunikacyjnych oraz odpowiedzi
na pytania dotyczące akulturacji KT w jej późnym
etapie.
Jak już zaznaczono, w dysertacji główny nacisk
położono na źródła ceramiczne które zdeponowane są
w różnych muzealnych składnicach muzealnych lub
innych instytucjach (Kijów, Lwów, Równe, Ostróg). Do
osobnej kategorii zaliczono materiały opublikowane w
czasopismach lub monografiach naukowych. Bardzo
ważną rolę w dysertacji odgrywają dane pozyskane z
własnych badań wykopaliskowych i powierzchniowych.
Poszczególne aspekty związane z tematem
rozprawy realizowano w ramach ośmiu rozdziałów.
W rozdziałe pierwszym pt „Zarys problemu
badawczego” zostały określone zasadnicze elementy
pracy, które dotyczą chronologii i definicji etapu C-II
kultury trypolskiej, ram przestrzennych, założeń i metod
badawczych. W rozdziale tym zaznaczono także, że
praca ta została napisana w ramach trzech projektów:
pierwszy projekt realizowano pod kierownictwem
Promotor prof. dr hab. M. Rybickiej, a dwa inne ze
środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (projekty „Młoda Kadra”). W ramach pierwszego
projektu opracowywano materiały ceramiczne z
następujących stanowisk kultury trypolskiej:
Zweniaczyn-Karjer, Winniki-Żupan, Kurgany-Dubowa,
Horiv-Pidłużżia, Nowomalin-Podobanka. Ponadto, w
ramach tego projektu przeprowadzone zostały badania
powierzchniowe na Wyżynie Wołyńskiej. W ramach
własnych projektów zostały przeprowadzone badania
wykopaliskowe i powierzchniowe na stanowiskach
kultury trypolskiej w rejonie Grzędy Mizockiej (badania
wykopaliskowe na stanowisku Myrohoszcza 15).
Ważnym i podstawowym punktem projektów było
opracowywanie materiałów ze stanowiska Żwaniec Szczob (rejon Kamieńca-Podolskiego), a także analiza
chronologiczna i archeometryczna (wykonanie szlifów
ceramiki naczyniowej).
W drugim rozdziale o „Historii i stanu badań”
przedstawiono rozwój różnych poglądów i aspekty
historyczne związane z problematyką KT od dawnych
wykopalisk oraz badań powierzchniowych do czasów
dzisiejszych. Bardzo wyraźnie obserwujemy ogromną
lukę we wprowadzaniu do obrotu naukowego wyników
badań terenowych. Podczas studiowania szeregu
publikacji i danych archiwalnych, zauważono, że
ogromny potencjal stanowią badania przeprowadzone
przez Tamarę Mowszę na stanowiskach kultury
trypolskiej w rejonie środkowego Dniestru. Na Wyżynie
Wołyńskiej ogromną bazę naukową stanowią badania
Mykoly Peleszczyszyna. Oprócz tego równie ważne są
prace i innych archeologów, których to badania zostały
dokładnie opisane w tym rozdziałe.
W rozdziałe trzecim o „Środowisku
przyrodniczym” zostały opisane jednostki geograficzne i warunki naturalne. Dosyć wyrażnie pokazano
zróżnicowanie wysoczyzny Podolskiej od Wołyńskiej, z
wyrażnymi granicami między nimi w postaci Niziny
Malopoleskiej. Wyżynę Wołyńsko-Podolską rozdzielają
lewobrzeżne dopływy Dniestru: rzeki Gnila Lipa, Zolota
Lipa, Stripa, Seret, Zbrucz, Tarnava, Studnica a także
prawobrzeżne dopływy Pripeci: Turja, Stohid, Styr,
Horyń, Słucz, Zdvig.
W czwartym rozdziałe o „Rozmieszczeniu
przestrzennym osadnictwa kultury trypolskiej z etapu C II w dorzeczu rzek Horyń, Bug oraz Środkowego i
górnego Dniestru” została podjęta próba rekonstrukcji
stref osadniczych w mikroregionach a także w strefach
osadniczych. Analiza osadnictwa kulury trypolskiej
dotyczy puli zbiorczej stanowisk z etapu C-II, bez
uwzględnienia ich dokładnej chronologii względnej.
Podobne metody pokazują sposób wykorzystania
przestrzeni. Analiza geograficzno-osadnicza obejmuje
stanowiska dobrze rozpoznane (badania
wykopaliskowe) lub w miarę dobrze rozpoznane
(badania powierzchniowe). Bardzo wyrażnie można
zaobserować ogromną różnicę wykorzystania
przestrzeni dla terytorium Dniestru i w międzyrzeczu
rzek Horyń i Ikwy, co jest związane z wielkością osad.
Osady na Wyżynie Wołyńskiej są niewielkie
(przeważnie zajmują obszar do 0,5 hektara) i
rozmieszczone w skupiskach oddalonych od siebie w
odległościach o promieniu 5 i 10 km. Na terytorium
Dniestru sytuacja jest inna – jedna osada ma
powierzchnię od jednego do dwóch hektarów, i strefa
osadnicza zajmuje terytorium od 5 do 10 km od swojego
centrum.
Piąty rozdział dotyczy „Ogólnej charakterystyki osadnictwa”. W tym rozdziałe zostały
przeanalizowane różne obiekty z badań
wykopaliskowych. Wyróżniono trzy typy obiektów:
mieszkalne (płoszczadki i półziemianki); gospodarcze
(jamy zagłębione) a także obiekty przemysłowe (piecy
garncarskie). Wyjaśniono że zanik wykorzystania
płoszczadek mógł nastąpić w końcu pierwszej fazy
etapu C-II. W póżnym etapie C-II zaobserwowano
wykorzystywanie domostw lżejszej konstrukcji (np.
Kurgany-Dubowa na Wołyniu).
W rozdziałe szóstym została podjęta analiza
materiałów źródłowych. Dla stanowisk z wczesnej fazy
etapu C-II została podjeta dokładna analiza
typologiczno-metryczna. Z terytorium Dniestru
materiały ceramiczne zostały opracowane dla
stanowiska Żwaniec-Szczob. Z terytorium Wyżyny
Wołyńskiej dla stanowisk Nowomalin-Podobanka i
Horiv-Pidłużżia. Z póżnej fazy etapu C-II z terytorium
Dniestru zostały opracowane materiały z stanowiska
Zweniaczyn-Karjer, podczas gdy z Wyżyny Wołyńskiej
materiały z stanowisk Kurgany-Dubowa, Kostianiec Gorby, Myrohoszcza 15. Na tle porównawczym bardzo
wyraźnie widać dwa różne style ceramiczne –
dniestrzański i wołyński.
W rozdziałe siódmym została podjęta analiza
wybranych cech ceramiki naczyniowej z etapu C-II w
międzyrzeczu Dniestru, Horynia i Bugu. Jak można
zaobserwować, na Wyżynie Wołyńskiej ogromny
wpływ odegrała migracja części ludności z terytorium
Dniestru lub z jego lewych dopływów. Można to
zauważyć na tle pojawienia stanowisk grupy Horiv Nowomalin z charakterystyczną ceramiką dla grupy
koszyłowieckiej i bryńzeńskiej. Niemałą rolę odegrały wpływy z innych środowisk kulturowych – kultur pucharów lejkowatych i kultury badeńskiej. Dalej,
proces kulturowy na Wyżynie Wołyńskiej związany z
postępującym „wygaszaniem” charakterystycznych
trypolskich cech. Dotyczy to zmniejszenia
wykorzystania tzw. ceramiki. stołowej, pojawieniem
malowania czerwoną i białą farbą, jak i wiele innych
cech. Pojawienie się rozbudowanych motywów może
być związane ze swoistym naśladownictwem stylu
naddniestrzańskiego (grupy Brynzeny-Żwaniec), jak i
stylu kultury pucharów lejkowatych i kultury
badeńskiej. W tym samym czasie następuje rozwój
grupy Trojaniw na Wyżynie Wołyńskiej, na terytorium
Dniestru pojawia się tzw. styl sznurowy,
charakterystyczny dla grupy Horodiştea-Folteşti. Ten
styl ostatecznie zmienia styl bryńzeńsko-żwaniecki. Na
terytorium Dniestru zaczyna się formować grupa
Gordineşti-Kasperowcy, datowanie której może być
wyznaczone (według chronologii wzgłędnej i
absolutnej) w okresie 3300-2900 BC. Dosyć ciekawa
sytuacja dotyczy także terytorium górnych dopływów
Bugu. Dosyć długi czas ten terytorium zajmowały
plemiona kultury pucharów lejkowatych. W ostatniej
ćwierci IV tys. BC na granicach Roztocza i Małego
Polessia pojawiają się osady z typową ceramiką grupy
Gordineşti-Kaperowcy. Według analizy ceramiki
naczyniowej, pojawienie się podobnych epizodów może
być związane z tzw. procesem trypolizacji kultury
pucharów lejkowatych na terytorium górnego Bugu.
Dosyć ciekawa sytuacja ma miejsce się na Wyżynie
Wołyńskiej, gdzie także pojawiają się stanowiska z
typową ceramiką grupy Gordineşti-Kaperowcy
(Holysziw, Listwin, Gorodsk). Pojawienie podobnych osad może być związany z migracją części ludności z
środkowego Dniestru lub jego dopływów.
W ostatnim rozdziałe ósmym o „Przemianach
kulturowych w drugiej połowie IV tys. – na przełamie III
tys. BC” zostały przeanalizowanych wiele aspektów
związanych z kulturą materialną, osadnictwem,
środowiskiem przyrodniczym i inne. Ważne jest także
przedstawienie chronologii absolutnej i porównanie jej z
chronologię względną.
The aim of the PhD thesis entitled "Tripolye culture of the C-II stage in the Dniester, Bug and Horyn Basin” was to study and interpret cultural phenomena that occurred in Volhynia and Podolia in the 2 nd half and at the end of the 4 th Millennium BC. In terms of chronology, the presented study covers a long period of over 500 years. Based on current research on relative and absolute chronology, this period is referred to as stage C-II of the Tripolye culture (hereinafter: TC), which is placed by scholars in the frame of 3600/3500-3000/2600 BC. Here, this stage C-II has been divided into two phases - early (3600-3300 BC) and late (3300 -3000-2600 BC). The first phase concerns the disappearance of the classical components of the TC, as well as the appearance of conspicuous changes in the material culture and economy, which are manifested in migration, organization of settlements, construction of houses, flint industry, etc. (Brinzeni group, Koszyłowiecka group, Horiv-Novomalin group, and Kolodiażyn group). The second phase of stage C-II is characterized by the appearance of the so-called post classical culture (Gordineşti-Kasperovskaya group, Trojaniv group, and Sofiivka group). It was as a result of changes probably related to migration, cultural exchange, ecological factors and other processes at the end of the 4th Millennium BC. The research area concerns the western part of modern Ukraine. The spatial range of the study covers over 40000 km². In terms of the administrative division of Ukraine, this space include: the southern territory of the Rivne and partly Volyn oblasts, the area of the Chmielnicki and Tarnopolskie oblasts; the northern part of the Chernivtsi, Frankivskyi oblasts, and the western part of the Lviv region. This above-mentioned territory is located within two geomorphological units. The first is the a quite highland part – the Volhynia-Podolia Upland, whereas the second is a lowland area named the Little Polesie. In terms of hydrology, this area includes: the central and part of the upper Dniester region and its main left tributaries - Gynła Lipa, Seret, Strypa, Złota Lipa, Zbrucz – in the southern part, as well as the upper and central Horyn Basin and its main tributaries – the Vilna and Ustia – in the northern part. Moreover, the upper and central Styr basin and its main tributaries - the Ikva (right-bank) and the Czarnoguzka (left-bank) – in the north-western part, and the upper springs of the Bug – in the southern part. The central Bug region is only treated briefly in this PhD thesis. The basic assumption of this work is an attempt to systematize ceramic sources with a further possibility of distinguishing cultural features for various mesoregional zones. Such a large research region of my study is strongly associated with exploration main markers of settlement, contacts and economic or communication routes, and answers to questions about TC acculturation at its late stage. As previously noted, the main emphasis was placed on ceramic sources that are currently stored in various museum depositories or in other institutions (Kiev, Lviv, Rivne, Ostrog). On the other hand, a separate category or sources are also materials published in scientific journals and monographs. Furthermore, the data obtained during my own excavation and field surveys in Ukraine also play a very important role. All issues related to the topic of my PhD thesis were discussed within eight chapters. In the first chapter - "Outline of the research problem", the main issues of the PhD thesis that concern the chronology and the definition of the C-II stage of the TC, spatial framework, assumptions and research methods are defined. It was also underlined that this work was written as part of three projects: the first was carried out under the direction of my Supervisor Professor M. Rybicka, and the other two with the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (so called "Young Staff" projects). The first project was mainly devoted to elaboration of numerous ceramics from the following sites of the TC: Zweniaczyn-Karjer, Winniki-Żupan, Kurgany-Dubowa, Horiv-Pidłużżia, Nowomalin Podobanka. Moreover, the field campaigns were also carried out in the Volyn Upland as a part of this project. In turn thanks my own projects, excavations and field survey were examined at the sites of the TC in the region of Grzeda Mizocka (Myrohoszcza 15). Furthermore, a very important and fundamental point of these projects was the elaboration of materials from the Żwaniec-Szczob site (Kamieniec-Podolski region), as well as a chronological and archaeometric (making cuts in pottery) analysis. In the second chapter - "History and the state of research", an overview of various views and issues of KT based on old research was presented. In the second chapter - "History and the state of research", the development of various ideas and historical aspects of TC – from old excavations and field surveys to the present day – were presented. In the course of investigating a number of publications and archival data, the significant potential of old research conducted by Tamara Movsha on the sites of the TC in the middle Dniester region was observed. On the other hand, the data from the old studies of Mykola Peleschyschyn are a substantial scientific base for the areas of the Volyn Upland. Obviously, the works of other archaeologists are also important. The results of their studies are also described in detail in this chapter. In the third chapter - "Natural environment", main geographical units and its natural conditions are described. Here, the diversity of the Podolian Upland from Volyn Upland is quite clearly outlined. There is a clear border between these units, which is the Little Polesia Lowland. The Volyn-Podolia Upland is separated by the left tributaries of the Dniester: the Gnila Lipa, Zolota Lipa, and Stripa rivers, Seret, Zbrucz, Tarnava, Studnica as well as the right tributaries of the Pripyat: Turja, Stohid, Styr, Horyn. In the fourth chapter – “ A Spatial distribution of the settlement of the Tripolye culture from the C-II stage in the Horyn and Bug basin, as well as Middle and Upper Dniester” an attempt has been made to reconstruction of settlement zones in micro-regions and also in settlement zones. Firstly, the analysis of the settlement of the TC concerns all sites from the C-II stage, however without their precise relative chronology. These methods may indicate how different spaces were used. The geographic and settlement analysis includes well-identified sites (excavation research) or relatively well-recognized (field surveys). There is a clear difference in the use of space in the territory of the Dniester and in the area between Horyn and Ikva. This was due to the size of the settlements. The settlements in the Volyn Upland are small (usually they occupy the territory of 0.5 ha) and distributed in clusters within a radius of 5 and 10 km. In the territory of the Dniester, the situation is different - one settlement covers an area of 1 to 2 ha, and at the same time the territory of 5 to 10 km from its centre. The fifth chapter is devoted to the "General characteristics of settlement". In this chapter, various objects from the excavation research were analyzed. Three types of objects were distinguished here: dwellings (ploschadka’s and half-dugouts); economic (pits) and industrial objects (pottery kilns). It has been observed that the disappearance of the use of ploschadka’s could take place in the end of the 1st phase of stage C-II. On the other hand, in the late stage C-II, the use of half-dugouts was noted (for instance Kurgany-Dubova in the Volyn). In the sixth chapter, the analysis of source materials was undertaken. It should be noted that a detailed typological and metric analysis was carried out for sites from the early stage of stage C-II. In the case of the Dniester territory, ceramics were elaborated for the Żwaniec-Shchob site, while in the Volyn Upland for the sites of Novomalin-Podobanka and Horiv-Pidłużż. Furthermore, in the case of the late stage of C-II in the Dniester area, materials from the Zweniaczyn-Karjer site were elaborated, while in the Volyn Upland, materials from the sites of Kurgana-Dubowa, Kostianiec-Gorby, Myrohoszcza 15. Such comparisons allow us to notice clearly different two ceramic styles - the Dniester and Volyn. In the seventh chapter, an analysis of selected features of pottery from the C-II stage in the Dniester, Horyn and Bug inter-rivers was undertaken. As can be seen, the migration of part of the population from the Dniester or its left tributaries could have a huge impact on the area of the Volyn Upland. This can be seen on the example of the sites of the Horiv-Nowomalin group with ceramics characteristic of the Koszyłowiec and Brinzeni groups. Some influences from other cultural environments also played a significant role - the Funnelbeaker culture and the Baden culture. Later, the cultural process in the Volyn Upland was associated with the progressive "extinction" characteristic Tripolye features. This applies to the reduction of the use of the so-called fine pottery, as well as with the appearance of red and white paint, and many other features. Appearance of extended motifs may be related to a specific imitation of the Transnistrian style (Brynzeny Żwaniec group), as well as the style of the Funnel Beaker culture and the Baden culture. At the same time as the Troyaniv group was existing in the Volyn Upland, the so-called the corded style characteristic of the Horodiştea-Folteşti group, appeared in the Dniester area. This style finally replaced Bryńzeńsko-Żwaniec style. In the territory of the Dniester, the Gordineşti-Kasperovtsy group begins to form, which can be dated (according to relative and absolute chronology) in the period 3300- 2900 BC. An interesting situation also applies to the territory of the upper tributaries of the Bug. This area was occupied by the tribes of the Funnel Beaker Culture for quite a long time. In the last quarter of the 4th Millennium BC, sites containing typical ceramics of the Gordineşti-Kaspepowcy group appeared on the borders of the Roztoche and the Little Polesia. According to the analysis of ceramics, the appearance of similar episodes may be related to the so-called the process of “tripolisation” of the Funnel Beaker culture in the territory of the upper Bug. The situation is quite interesting in the Volyn Upland, where there are also sites with typical ceramics of the Gordineşti-Kaperowcy group (Holyshiv, Listwin, Gorodsk). The appearance of similar settlements may be related to the migration of parts of the population from the middle Dniester or its tributaries. In the last eighth chapter - "Cultural changes in the 2 nd half of the 4 th Millennium - at the turn of the 3 rd Millennium BC”, many aspects related to material culture, settlement, natural environment and others have been analyzed. It is also important to present an absolute chronology and compare it with a relative chronology.
The aim of the PhD thesis entitled "Tripolye culture of the C-II stage in the Dniester, Bug and Horyn Basin” was to study and interpret cultural phenomena that occurred in Volhynia and Podolia in the 2 nd half and at the end of the 4 th Millennium BC. In terms of chronology, the presented study covers a long period of over 500 years. Based on current research on relative and absolute chronology, this period is referred to as stage C-II of the Tripolye culture (hereinafter: TC), which is placed by scholars in the frame of 3600/3500-3000/2600 BC. Here, this stage C-II has been divided into two phases - early (3600-3300 BC) and late (3300 -3000-2600 BC). The first phase concerns the disappearance of the classical components of the TC, as well as the appearance of conspicuous changes in the material culture and economy, which are manifested in migration, organization of settlements, construction of houses, flint industry, etc. (Brinzeni group, Koszyłowiecka group, Horiv-Novomalin group, and Kolodiażyn group). The second phase of stage C-II is characterized by the appearance of the so-called post classical culture (Gordineşti-Kasperovskaya group, Trojaniv group, and Sofiivka group). It was as a result of changes probably related to migration, cultural exchange, ecological factors and other processes at the end of the 4th Millennium BC. The research area concerns the western part of modern Ukraine. The spatial range of the study covers over 40000 km². In terms of the administrative division of Ukraine, this space include: the southern territory of the Rivne and partly Volyn oblasts, the area of the Chmielnicki and Tarnopolskie oblasts; the northern part of the Chernivtsi, Frankivskyi oblasts, and the western part of the Lviv region. This above-mentioned territory is located within two geomorphological units. The first is the a quite highland part – the Volhynia-Podolia Upland, whereas the second is a lowland area named the Little Polesie. In terms of hydrology, this area includes: the central and part of the upper Dniester region and its main left tributaries - Gynła Lipa, Seret, Strypa, Złota Lipa, Zbrucz – in the southern part, as well as the upper and central Horyn Basin and its main tributaries – the Vilna and Ustia – in the northern part. Moreover, the upper and central Styr basin and its main tributaries - the Ikva (right-bank) and the Czarnoguzka (left-bank) – in the north-western part, and the upper springs of the Bug – in the southern part. The central Bug region is only treated briefly in this PhD thesis. The basic assumption of this work is an attempt to systematize ceramic sources with a further possibility of distinguishing cultural features for various mesoregional zones. Such a large research region of my study is strongly associated with exploration main markers of settlement, contacts and economic or communication routes, and answers to questions about TC acculturation at its late stage. As previously noted, the main emphasis was placed on ceramic sources that are currently stored in various museum depositories or in other institutions (Kiev, Lviv, Rivne, Ostrog). On the other hand, a separate category or sources are also materials published in scientific journals and monographs. Furthermore, the data obtained during my own excavation and field surveys in Ukraine also play a very important role. All issues related to the topic of my PhD thesis were discussed within eight chapters. In the first chapter - "Outline of the research problem", the main issues of the PhD thesis that concern the chronology and the definition of the C-II stage of the TC, spatial framework, assumptions and research methods are defined. It was also underlined that this work was written as part of three projects: the first was carried out under the direction of my Supervisor Professor M. Rybicka, and the other two with the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (so called "Young Staff" projects). The first project was mainly devoted to elaboration of numerous ceramics from the following sites of the TC: Zweniaczyn-Karjer, Winniki-Żupan, Kurgany-Dubowa, Horiv-Pidłużżia, Nowomalin Podobanka. Moreover, the field campaigns were also carried out in the Volyn Upland as a part of this project. In turn thanks my own projects, excavations and field survey were examined at the sites of the TC in the region of Grzeda Mizocka (Myrohoszcza 15). Furthermore, a very important and fundamental point of these projects was the elaboration of materials from the Żwaniec-Szczob site (Kamieniec-Podolski region), as well as a chronological and archaeometric (making cuts in pottery) analysis. In the second chapter - "History and the state of research", an overview of various views and issues of KT based on old research was presented. In the second chapter - "History and the state of research", the development of various ideas and historical aspects of TC – from old excavations and field surveys to the present day – were presented. In the course of investigating a number of publications and archival data, the significant potential of old research conducted by Tamara Movsha on the sites of the TC in the middle Dniester region was observed. On the other hand, the data from the old studies of Mykola Peleschyschyn are a substantial scientific base for the areas of the Volyn Upland. Obviously, the works of other archaeologists are also important. The results of their studies are also described in detail in this chapter. In the third chapter - "Natural environment", main geographical units and its natural conditions are described. Here, the diversity of the Podolian Upland from Volyn Upland is quite clearly outlined. There is a clear border between these units, which is the Little Polesia Lowland. The Volyn-Podolia Upland is separated by the left tributaries of the Dniester: the Gnila Lipa, Zolota Lipa, and Stripa rivers, Seret, Zbrucz, Tarnava, Studnica as well as the right tributaries of the Pripyat: Turja, Stohid, Styr, Horyn. In the fourth chapter – “ A Spatial distribution of the settlement of the Tripolye culture from the C-II stage in the Horyn and Bug basin, as well as Middle and Upper Dniester” an attempt has been made to reconstruction of settlement zones in micro-regions and also in settlement zones. Firstly, the analysis of the settlement of the TC concerns all sites from the C-II stage, however without their precise relative chronology. These methods may indicate how different spaces were used. The geographic and settlement analysis includes well-identified sites (excavation research) or relatively well-recognized (field surveys). There is a clear difference in the use of space in the territory of the Dniester and in the area between Horyn and Ikva. This was due to the size of the settlements. The settlements in the Volyn Upland are small (usually they occupy the territory of 0.5 ha) and distributed in clusters within a radius of 5 and 10 km. In the territory of the Dniester, the situation is different - one settlement covers an area of 1 to 2 ha, and at the same time the territory of 5 to 10 km from its centre. The fifth chapter is devoted to the "General characteristics of settlement". In this chapter, various objects from the excavation research were analyzed. Three types of objects were distinguished here: dwellings (ploschadka’s and half-dugouts); economic (pits) and industrial objects (pottery kilns). It has been observed that the disappearance of the use of ploschadka’s could take place in the end of the 1st phase of stage C-II. On the other hand, in the late stage C-II, the use of half-dugouts was noted (for instance Kurgany-Dubova in the Volyn). In the sixth chapter, the analysis of source materials was undertaken. It should be noted that a detailed typological and metric analysis was carried out for sites from the early stage of stage C-II. In the case of the Dniester territory, ceramics were elaborated for the Żwaniec-Shchob site, while in the Volyn Upland for the sites of Novomalin-Podobanka and Horiv-Pidłużż. Furthermore, in the case of the late stage of C-II in the Dniester area, materials from the Zweniaczyn-Karjer site were elaborated, while in the Volyn Upland, materials from the sites of Kurgana-Dubowa, Kostianiec-Gorby, Myrohoszcza 15. Such comparisons allow us to notice clearly different two ceramic styles - the Dniester and Volyn. In the seventh chapter, an analysis of selected features of pottery from the C-II stage in the Dniester, Horyn and Bug inter-rivers was undertaken. As can be seen, the migration of part of the population from the Dniester or its left tributaries could have a huge impact on the area of the Volyn Upland. This can be seen on the example of the sites of the Horiv-Nowomalin group with ceramics characteristic of the Koszyłowiec and Brinzeni groups. Some influences from other cultural environments also played a significant role - the Funnelbeaker culture and the Baden culture. Later, the cultural process in the Volyn Upland was associated with the progressive "extinction" characteristic Tripolye features. This applies to the reduction of the use of the so-called fine pottery, as well as with the appearance of red and white paint, and many other features. Appearance of extended motifs may be related to a specific imitation of the Transnistrian style (Brynzeny Żwaniec group), as well as the style of the Funnel Beaker culture and the Baden culture. At the same time as the Troyaniv group was existing in the Volyn Upland, the so-called the corded style characteristic of the Horodiştea-Folteşti group, appeared in the Dniester area. This style finally replaced Bryńzeńsko-Żwaniec style. In the territory of the Dniester, the Gordineşti-Kasperovtsy group begins to form, which can be dated (according to relative and absolute chronology) in the period 3300- 2900 BC. An interesting situation also applies to the territory of the upper tributaries of the Bug. This area was occupied by the tribes of the Funnel Beaker Culture for quite a long time. In the last quarter of the 4th Millennium BC, sites containing typical ceramics of the Gordineşti-Kaspepowcy group appeared on the borders of the Roztoche and the Little Polesia. According to the analysis of ceramics, the appearance of similar episodes may be related to the so-called the process of “tripolisation” of the Funnel Beaker culture in the territory of the upper Bug. The situation is quite interesting in the Volyn Upland, where there are also sites with typical ceramics of the Gordineşti-Kaperowcy group (Holyshiv, Listwin, Gorodsk). The appearance of similar settlements may be related to the migration of parts of the population from the middle Dniester or its tributaries. In the last eighth chapter - "Cultural changes in the 2 nd half of the 4 th Millennium - at the turn of the 3 rd Millennium BC”, many aspects related to material culture, settlement, natural environment and others have been analyzed. It is also important to present an absolute chronology and compare it with a relative chronology.
Opis
Promotor: prof. dr hab. Małgorzata Rybicka - 403, 302, [9] s.
Słowa kluczowe
Zachodnia Ukraina, kultura trypolska, etap CII, osadnictwo, ceramika, Western Ukraine, Tripolye culture, stage CII, settlements, ceramics
Cytowanie
Endorsement
Review
Supplemented By
Referenced By
Licencja Creative Commons
O ile nie zaznaczono inaczej, licencja tego elementu jest opisana jako Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Międzynarodowe
