Przeglądanie według Temat "paleolit"

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A new Federmesser culture site in the Głubczyce Plateau on the background of the settlement of the arched backed blade complex in Southern Poland, Moravia and Bohemia
(Knižnice České Společnosti Archeologické, 2010) Bobak, Dariusz; Połtowicz-Bobak, Marta
Bayesian age modelling of the Magdalenian settlement in the territory of present-day Poland
(Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University, 2014) Bobak, Dariusz; Połtowicz-Bobak, Marta
The paper addresses the problem of the use of Bayesian methods for modelling age of the Magdalenian settlement on the territory of contemporary Poland. Basing on 14C datings of 10 sites we present the chronological frames of settlement on particular sites and we model occupation dynamic of Polish territory. Bayesian methods made it possible to clarify and in some cases to significantly narrow time frames of Magdalenian settlement on the research area
Human Remains from Maszycka Cave (woj. małopolskie / PL): the Treatment of Human Bodies in the Magdalenian
(Verlag des Römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums, 2017) Orschiedt, Jörg; Schüler, Tim; Połtowicz-Bobak, Marta; Bobak, Dariusz; Kozłowski, Stefan Karol; Terberger, Thomas
In Central Europe, human remains from the Magdalenian are a rare phenomenon. In Central and Western Europe, these remains are usually fragmented and often manipulated. The discovery of 50 human bone fragments from M aszycka Cave in the 19th and mid-20th century is an important source for studying the treatment of bodies in the Late Upper Palaeolithic. Skull fragments are dominating and the re-investigation of the material proves the presence of some cut marks. The re-dating of the remains and the bone artefacts to c. 16,200 cal BC together with the specific treatment of the human remains confirms the typological arguments for an early re-colonisation of Central Europe from the West after the Last Glacial Maximum.
Nowy ślad osadnictwa środkowopaleolitycznego na Podkarpaciu
(Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2009) Połtowicz-Bobak, Marta; Bobak, Dariusz; Janicki, Rafał
Osadnictwo starszej epoki kamienia na północnym przedpolu Bramy Morawskiej
(Muzeum Podkarpackie w Krośnie, 2010) Bobak, Dariusz; Połtowicz-Bobak, Marta
Plateau Plaskowyz Glubczycki, a constituent part of the Moravian Gate area, is one of the principal and most abundant in archaeological sources regions in Poland. The aim of the research on the Older Stone Age being conducted in the southern stretch of this region is to examine settlement and determine the inter-regional connections linking the Polish and Czech parts of Silesia with Moravia. The earliest settlements were Middle Palaeolithic and they are represented by usually not very abundant sites, only some of which have been excavated. The chief sites include Raciborz-Studzienna, Pietraszyn, Owsiszczach, Dzierzyslaw, and Kornice. The artefacts which occur here may be associated with assemblages ofbifacial tools, and assemblages comprising a majority of unilateral tools. It is very hard to establish connections between these places and sites to the south of the Moravian Gate. However, certain differences may be observed for sites from the younger phase of the Middle Palaeolithic. While the predominant type in the southern part of the Opole area of Silesia are bifacial tool sites, most of the sites south of the Moravian Gate have assemblages which follow flake (Taubachien and Mousterien) traditions. Analogies of the Silesian settlements may be expected in the Lesser Poland region, at sites associated with a Micoquien complex. There are no imported raw materials in the Middle Palaeolithic sites. The situation for the younger periods is quite different. There is ample evidence for Szeleta Culture settlement, represented chiefly by the well-stocked sites at Lubotyn, which has been excavated, and at Dzieriyslaw. Other Szeletian sites have been identified at Pilszcz and Rozumice on the basis of surface finds. One could certainly consider this phenomenon a northern Szeletian centre, with assemblages and a settlement model clearly reminiscent of Moravian counterparts. The stone raw materials occurring here confirm a close link with the original area of Szeletian settlement. The few sites with sparse assemblages in the Czech part of Silesia mark out the route the migrations took and their final destination on the Plaskowyz Glubczycki plateau. The sites at Lubotyll and Dzierzyslaw, which belong to the large base-camp type, indicate that it was a fairly intensive and multi-season settlement that occurred in these territories. Not much research has been done on the Gravettian Culture, the best preserved specimen of which is the W6jcice site. However, the immediate environs of both sides of the Moravian Gate seem to have been the peripheries of Gravettian settlement, and the area was only oflimited interest for these people, probably mostly for the acquisition of raw materials. The occurrence of Magdalenian settlement, although evidenced only by sporadic, isolated sites, may be indicative of close relations joining the areas on either side of the Moravian Gate. This is illustrated by the high degree of similarity in the assemblages at the Dzierzyslaw and Hranice sites. Perhaps the land vicinal to the Moravian Gate constituted an integral territory accommodating one community. Currently we have far too few data available to be able to answer this question, nonetheless the issue may be a subject for further research. The prolific base camp at Dzierzyslaw, settled time and again, is evidence that this area was regularly penetrated by Magdalenian people. Attempting to answer the question of the significance of the Moravian Gate for the diffusion of settlement and culture in Central Europe is by no means an easy task The role of this communication route seems to have increased after the Middle Palaeolithic, but its importance varied depending on the period, and above all on the amount of interest the respective human groups showed in extending their area of settlement into neighbouring territories northward or, less often, southward. This in turn depended on a series of factors connected with environmental conditions and culture. Evidently sparse settlement, small sites and poor assemblages were characteristic not only of the Polish, but also the Czech part of Silesia. The observed density of settlement immediately north and south of the Moravian Gate gives no grounds at all for a distinction between these two micro-regions as regards settlement. If this is a true hypothesis, then it would seem reasonable to conclude that the peripheral nature ofPalaeolithic settlement on the Plaskowyz Glubczycki plateau was not due to the Carpathians and Sudetes acting as a barrier to migration through the Moravian Gate, but to some other causes which curtailed interest in both the Polish and the Czech side of Silesia as settlement areas, but which are still unknown.
Osadnictwo starszej i środkowej epoki kamienia na terenach Podkarpacia w świetle badań na trasie autostrady A4 w latach 2005-2011
(Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie, 2011) Bobak, Dariusz; Połtowicz-Bobak, Marta
The areas of south-east Poland, lying within the boundaries of today Podkarpackie voivodeship belong to those Polish areas where the Palaeolithic settlement is still poorly recognized. The research on the Older Stone Age has here, admittedly, a long, but very poor history. Therefore, the researchers noticed a large opportunity for understanding the settlements preceding the agricultural peoples in the areas of Podkarpacie after conducting field studies along the eastern section of A4 motorway construction. However, field work carried out here yielded no breakthroughs. The researchers discovered a few sites where the traces of settlement coming from the earliest period of prehistory were recorded. They registered in general very poor residue remains of the Final Upper Palaeolithic and the Mesolithic groups recorded in a single, specific finds or rare collections. They were usually uncovered beyond their original context, often in decidedly younger fills of features, coming from other prehistoric periods. As examples we ought to mention the Sviderian blade core found in the fill of much younger prehistoric pit (Borek Wielki, site 18), or single tanged point within the cultural layer (Białobrzegi, site 8; Budy Łańcuckie, site 7). The researchers found also other categories of artefacts next to them, which cultural and chronological classification was less clear, though, generally with high probability, we can affiliate them with the Final Upper Palaeolithic Period, which in most cases means their relationship with the Sviderian culture. Such a classification is proposed primarily for flint forms bearing clear traces of the production technique; in the case of the Sviderian blades, it is possible to recognize mainly clear traces of the opposed platform core techniques. They were found for examples at the sites such as Łąka site 1+27 or Terliczka site 3. Another group of sites constitute those ones where flint artefacts were discovered, and considered probably as the Palaeolithic forms, and which are so poorly characteristic that their chronological and cultural affiliation is not possible (e.g. Terliczka, site 3). Similar image is shaped with regards to the finds belonging to the Mesolithic Period: they are represented in majority by single finds or their small collections of distinctive characteristics – mainly microlith forms (Terliczka, site 3; Kozodrza, site 6; Bratkowice, site 45). Some of the artefacts regarded as the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic forms occurred within the same site. On the other hand, the region around Trzebownisko village near Rzeszów should be assessed differently. During the excavations, the researchers have discovered here three large and rich in artefacts sites of the Stone Age, constituting the multicultural complex of sites: Terliczka, site 4; Terliczka, site 5, Łąka site 11–16. These three sites have provided rich inventories of flint lying partly in clusters corresponding to their original deposition. At all these three sites it is possible to isolated flint artefacts belonging to more than one cultural unit among the rich collection of more than 1,000 finds uncovered within each site. What is more, there are numerous forms which affiliation to the Palaeolithic Period is undoubted. The site Terliczka 4 is situated in the valley of the Wisłok River, and it takes the area of a few hectares in total, but the materials of flint occurred on the surface of only 7 ares. Flint inventories belonging to different cultures classified as the Paleolithic and Mesolithic artefacts were re-moved by natural post-depositional processes, and partly due to destruction made by later, prehistoric settlements. These disorders, although they led to a partial mixing of materials, however, they were so small that it was possible to identify the presence of spatial layout of flints, forming two or three concentrations, partially damaged and distorted nowadays in relation to the primary set. Flint inventories are non-homogeneous. There are four chronological-cultural horizons differentiated: – the youngest one, affiliated to the Mesolithic period without any particular cultural belonging. However, on the basis of the presence of characteristic trapezoidal-shaped inserts, it is linked with a younger phase of that period (the Atlantic period, i.e. about 6000 B.P.); – the Sviderian culture, identified primarily not only on the base of the occurrence of classic tanged points, but also characteristic blades; – the Tarnowiański circle / the Tarnów circle, represented by a small collection of flint, which is composed of two unusual curved backed blades and short end scrapers made on flakes as well as burins; – and the most significant discovery – the Gravettian culture, represented by the cores for blades and also other characteristic tools: large backed blades made on blades and samples of smaller dimensions, splintered cores (also called knives of Kostienki type), truncated blades and also common forms such as and scrapers and burins. Another important site and rich in inventory is the site 5 in Terliczka. There were approximately a thousand flint artefacts, out of which around 200 ones should be affiliated with the Palaeolithic Period, very few (several examples) with the Mesolithic Period – probably the Komornica culture and perhaps the Janisławice culture. Flint collection occurred in a limited space. Although the researchers gathered them from the area of 119 ares, but they observed the presence of distinctive assemblages within a smaller space. The most obvious products are those which have distinctive features of the Swiderian technology noticeable primarily in the 43 form of a beautiful collection of typical blade cores with a characteristic way of preparing the material for knapping and knapping itself, and a series of tanged points. The complex of Łąka sites 11–16 also provided a series of significant flint materials, out of which it was possible to identified quantitatively dominant Swiderian implements (tanged points) and Magdalenian ones (at least one core and the distinctive burin associated with Lacan burins). What is more, it is worth mentioning that the Palaeolithic sites have not been discovered along the section of the motorway, which runs through the loess areas. Several-meter-deep trenches excavated through the hills have revealed a significant part of the loess profiles, but none of them contained artefacts. Taking into account, that the Palaeolithic settlements were very rare, as well as they were under the influence of numerous destructing processes, and finally it is extremely difficult to find them in the field, the discussed issue should not be surprising. On the other hand, it leaves some disappointment because a great chance of cutting loess has not brought the desired result. However, this does not negate the possibility of the presence of settlement traces in these areas. Coming into conclusion, it is worth indicating that although the conducted research along the route of the A4 motorway has not yielded many spectacular discoveries, but it has led to a number of important findings. With regards to the dominant character of the settlements of the Final Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Periods, it was identified as poor and short, but on the other hand the results of the discovery of new sites will constitute an important point on the map of Palaeolithic settlement of south-eastern Poland. These findings not only indicate the existence of camps in various episodes of settlement but also provide additional data for the study of the Palaeolithic hunters’ routes as well as the relationship among the various areas of our country and our part of Europe.
Wierzawice, st. 31 – nowy ślad osadnictwa magdaleńskiego w Polsce południowo-wschodniej
(Instytut Archeologii UR, 2010) Bobak, Dariusz; Łanczont, Maria; Nowak, Adam; Połtowicz-Bobak, Marta
In the article there are presented the latest results (2009–2010) of the research of the archaeological site No. 31 in Wierzawice. It was possible to identify there the remains of the hunting camp of the population of the Magdalenian culture, referred to the period of the warm Allerod oscillation (14th thousand. BC; one of latest Magdalenian sites in Central Europe!), indicated by the radiocarbon dating. It was discovered over 2600 flint artifacts deposited on a very small area (about 8 m2)(i.e. microtiths, burins, cores. flakes, blades and chips).