Przeglądanie według Temat "middle class"

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Private Lessons as an Instrument for Middle Class Status Struggle in Post-socialist Societies: Poland and Ukraine Case Studies
(Economics and Sociology, 2016-04-01) Długosz, Piotr
The aim of the article is to present the results of the research on taking private lessons among Polish and Ukrainian youth. The research was conducted in Polish-Ukrainian borderlands among upper secondary school graduates, with the use of survey method. 717 respondents were Polish, whereas 584 were Ukrainian. The results of research show that 62% of Polish students were taking private lessons, while in the Ukraine the number was 69%. Private lessons were taken especially by the students whose parents were educated, had higher positions at work and overall better economic background. The respondents taking private lessons had higher level of cultural capital measured by the number of books, better school achievements and high educational aspirations. The main purpose of taking private lessons was to increase the potential maturity exam results and to have further more chances of entering a prestigious university. The research reveals that the main adaptation strategy of the middle class confronting educational inflation and the risk of declassing is increasing educational expenditures. Eventually, such actions lead to further widening of education gap.
The structure of income inequality with particular emphasis on the economic middle class
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2019) Szymańska, Anita
This study presents the main facts related to the development of income inequalities in OECD countries in recent years. In particular, the focus was on analysing the economic position of the middle class (middle income class), which is often neglected in analyses, in favour of the two extreme income groups, i.e. the poverty sphere and the group of the richest. It is worth filling this gap because the middle class is the backbone of modern society and decisively determines the possibilities of economic development. The analysis of the coefficients allowing the estimation of the size and affluence of the middle class indicates that this class is highly diversified among OECD countries. In countries such as: Slovakia, Slovenia, Norway, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Denmark, Hungary, Finland, Belgium, Sweden and Austria, there is a relatively large and affluent middle class. In contrast, in Anglo-Saxon countries, the middle class is relatively small and moderately affluent. The article empirically confirms the hypothesis that higher income inequalities are accompanied by middle-class erosion. Using the basic income ratio, in the form of the Gini coefficient for disposable income, a very strong negative correlation was identified both between this coefficient and the coefficient determining the size of the middle class (-0.91) and between the Gini coefficient and the coefficient determining the affluence of the middle class (-0, 84). Attention is paid to possible causes of the occurrence of the phenomenon of economic polarization. Proposals for solutions in the field of socio-economic policy aimed at limiting the scale of observed phenomena were also presented.