Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy z. 72(4)/2022

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Employee compensation as a function of the sectoral structure of the economy
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022-12) Szczepańska-Przekota, Anna; Hadław, Maciej; Bochenek, Magdalena; Przekota, Grzegorz
Employee compensation is the factor that determines the directions of economic development. Yet, at the same time, the structure of the economy influences employee compensation. Due to the importance of the structure of the economy, the purpose of the paper is to examine the structure factors that influence compensation in the EU Member States in the period 2013–2020. In particular, it investigates the importance of traditional and modern economic structures for employee compensation. In the paper, a multi-level analysis was applied. The research showed that the systematic transformation of the economy towards modern branches in favour of the traditional ones caused an increase of compensation. This is an alternative result in relation to some observations in the subject literature, where it is often emphasized that robotisation and AI cause an increase in unemployment and a decrease in employee compensation. On the other hand, it is impossible to completely replace the traditional sectors. Hence, the most appropriate direction seems to be a gradual increase in efficiency in underdeveloped sectors of the economy without abandoning them entirely.
The economic situation of households in Poland and the Czech Republic. Comparative analysis
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022-12) Ćwiek, Małgorzata; Trzcińska, Kamila
Income distribution can cause large-scale transformations in social structure, as well as in the quality of life. The aim of the paper is to compare the economic situation of households in Poland and the Czech Republic. The level and the dispersion of income distributions of households and the level of poverty due to the selected socio-economic characteristics of a respondent or a household are analysed. All the conclusions are based on the results of European Quality of Life Surveys. To describe the distribution of net equivalent income, the Singh-Maddala model is used. The estimation parameters are obtained by means of the maximum likelihood method. The descriptive statistics characterising the total situation in the Czech Republic and Poland, as well as in selected socio-economic groups, are calculated. To analyse the extent, depth and severity of poverty in the countries in question, the aggregate indices are obtained. The conducted research shows a high similarity for both distribution of equivalent income and the socio-economic groups particularly exposed to monetary poverty.
Poverty in Polish regions in the light of European Union policy
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022-12) Danowska-Prokop, Barbara; Pawlas, Iwona; Czornik, Małgorzata
Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, hard to define but of interest to many experts in social sciences. When it comes to economic sciences, the economic dimension of poverty and its consequences are underlined. The European Union pays attention to the problem of developmental disparities as well as the need to reduce poverty and disparities. It is reflected both in the EU treaties and in the EU activities undertaken within both the Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion Policy and the Lisbon Strategy, the Europe 2020 Strategy, as well as the EU reaction to the numerous challenges facing the EU in the 21 st century (the COVID-19 pandemic, Russian aggression against Ukraine). The main theoretical and cognitive aim of the research is to present the differentiated perception of the problem of poverty in economic theory and EU policy decisions. The main aim of the empirical part of the research is to identify and evaluate regional disparities in poverty using the example of Poland’s regions (provinces). The research was conducted with the application of several scientific methods, including literature studies, descriptive and comparative analysis, and critical thinking. Because of the complexity of the category of poverty and poverty conditions, the selected method of multivariate comparative analysis, i.e. the TMD introduced by Hellwig, was adopted. The conducted research indicated that poverty in Poland’s regions is unequally distributed, which results from their location in relation to richer markets, infrastructure conditions, and economic situation.
Economic divergence between Poland and The Ukraine from the perspective of their balances of payment
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022-12) Śliwiński, Paweł Piotr
The paper aims to look at the phenomenon of the economic divergence between Poland and Ukraine from the perspective of the dynamics of the balances of payments in both countries. It is assumed that the differences in the paths of economic development are reflected in the current and financial flows, which are recorded in their balances of payments. The model for testing the potential determinants of economic divergence between Poland and Ukraine resulting from their balances of payments was based on univariate linear regressions. The study was carried out based on the annual data collected from the World Bank (WDI) for the period 1995–2001. A significant positive relationship between the dynamics of the economic divergence between Poland and Ukraine was found in the dynamics of (i) trade openness, (ii) trade and services balances, (iii) capital transfers, (iv) FDI liabilities – a proxy for FDI inflows, and (v) FDI assets – a proxy for direct investments carried out by residents. The dynamics of the differences in the primary and secondary accounts between both countries were negatively correlated with the level of divergence between Poland and Ukraine. The larger differences between the GDPs of Poland and Ukraine occurred despite the deteriorating primary account in Poland and despite the large inflows of current transfers recorded in the secondary account in Ukraine.
Russian military aggression as a challenge for Ukraine’s agriculture
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022-12) Cherevko, Heorhiy
The purpose of this paper is to present the main results of the conducted research on the identified challenges to the agriculture of Ukraine caused by the aggressive Russian military invasion, and the economic assessment of the possibilities of overcoming them. It was assumed that the scale of challenges and the real consequences of the mentioned aggression are astonishing and unique in terms of size and importance, but the actions envisaged and already aimed at overcoming them are fully justified and have adequate financial support. The research methodology was based on the use of a dialectic approach to identify and study the main challenges for agriculture in Ukraine, which are present as a result of the military aggression of the Russians. Within this approach, the method of historical and logical unity was used in the study of socio-economic phenomena in combination with methods of analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction, induction, systematisation, and generalisation. Studies have shown that Ukraine faces numerous challenges and threats as a result of Russia’s military aggression which has caused enormous damage and losses to the country, both economic and social. Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine shocked the entire civilised world. At the same time, any challenges provide new opportunities. Ukraine will rise with renewed quality and will turn from a country of raw materials into a country of innovations, becoming a country of inventors, entrepreneurs, and people who are able to achieve economic breakthroughs. Ukrainian agriculture was perhaps the worst affected by the war, as a large part of the country’s territory is either under temporary occupation or under direct military clashes. However, in the near future, the development of this industry will become the economic engine for the revival of Ukraine and beyond, which will also have a positive international effect.
Wheat supply logistics in wartime in Ukraine
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022-12) Dybala, Anna; Bezsmertna, Oksana
The year 2022 was marked for the world as the year of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. The war caused considerable damage, not only to the Ukrainian economy, but also disrupted global economic relations. The agricultural sector was especially affected as agricultural enterprises cannot transfer their capacity to other, safer regions, like other sector enterprises, to conduct their activities. A significant part of the grain harvest was lost due to the war, so taking into account that Ukraine is one of the main exporters of grain, many countries did not receive the ordered deliveries. Among grains, in terms of value, wheat ranks third after corn and rice. Wheat is used not only for consumption but is also exported as seeds. Obstacles to harvesting, transportation, and export of wheat have become an extremely urgent issue for countries that are very dependent on the supplies of Ukrainian wheat. The purpose of the study is to develop a model of the Ukrainian wheat supply system in war conditions for groups of importing countries in terms of the volume and stability of supplies, to ensure food security. The ABC-XYZ analysis was used while conducting the study. This method is based on the use of statistical data on the volume of Ukrainian wheat supplies to other countries. According to this method, all countries are grouped in terms of their order volume and stability. This approach indicates the countries that are strategically important for Ukraine as a wheat exporter. As the results of the analysis show, at the beginning of the war, the behaviours of the wheat-importing countries changed. If they could previously diversify the wheat supply channels, choosing the most profitable channels for themselves, since 2022, many countries have cancelled supplies of wheat from the Russian Federation and have become more dependent on other producers. In addition, unfavourable weather conditions and the desire of powerful wheat producers to create additional stocks of wheat for their own needs have been added. It was found that such countries as Egypt, Indonesia, Morocco, Yemen, Tunisia, Lebanon, and Libya are most dependent on Ukrainian wheat and have positive previous experiences of cooperation with Ukraine. The presented logistics model of wheat supply can be adapted to new changes, but the ultimate goal of its implementation should be to indicate conditions to ensure global food security.
Sources of financing as a determinant of the development of innovative integration ties
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022-12) Chorób, Roman
The success of any venture is largely determined by the proper selection of financing sources for the conducted activity. To attempt to eliminate the difficulties related to functioning in competitive conditions, one should use various available sources of financing. The availability of appropriate sources of financing makes operating and investment activities possible and guarantees financial security. In addition, it has an impact on the decisions made by the organisation and determines its plans and strategic goals. Access to financing instruments covering the needs of a company to a greater extent may also constitute a source of competitive advantage in a dynamically changing market. The main goal of this study is to show the sources of financing the activities that determine the initiation and functioning of innovative integration links in agribusiness. The financial system determines not only effective functioning, but also subsequent dynamic expansion of cluster initiatives. In further parts of the study, attempts were made to present the sources of financing and their functions in the activities of an organisation, and the impact of clusters on the growth of the economy’s potential. Forms of financing cluster initiatives were also reviewed. To achieve this goal, the results of empirical research were used, showing the forms and dilemmas of the financing clusters. They were carried out in 2015 among 80 entrepreneurs-participants of four agri-food clusters, and among 4 representatives of institutions managing these clusters in Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The study confirmed the thesis that properly functioning cluster structures contribute to an increase in the competitiveness of entities and the level of innovation in the economy, eliminating inequalities in their development, both at the local, regional and international levels.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on labour market situation of young people
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022-12) Mazurkiewicz, Anna
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the work and life of young people. Against this group, less favourable values of employment and unemployment rates are recorded than for experienced people, due to their lack of work experience, specialist knowledge and skills. These premises are the basis for employing young people with less favourable contract terms. The purpose of the paper was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the situation of young people in the labour market. To achieve the goal, an analysis of the literature on the subject, studies and reports presented on the websites of institutions dealing with the labour market was carried out, as well as an analysis of basic labour market measures using statistical data. Own research was also carried out. The analyses of the literature and statistical data showed that young people were particularly hard-hit by the consequences of the pandemic – unemployment in this group increased significantly and the percentage of NEET increased. In addition, the entry of new generations into the labour market contributed to the difficulty in keeping a job. At the same time, the results of research conducted among young people from Podkarpackie Province prove that the respondents did not suffer significantly from the negative consequences of the pandemic. Most of them did not lose their jobs and were not forced to change their jobs. Many employers did not reduce personnel costs, which made it possible for them to maintain their current standard of living.

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