Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznegohttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/876https://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/retrieve/6b611c49-d6d7-42d6-99c3-6b15d78cc344/2024-03-28T11:02:35Z2024-03-28T11:02:35Z1251Nowe znalezisko nagolennika brązowego z terenu LubelszczyznyKłosińska, Elżbieta Małgorzatahttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/92822023-08-20T01:00:48Z2022-12-01T00:00:00Zdc.title: Nowe znalezisko nagolennika brązowego z terenu Lubelszczyzny
dc.contributor.author: Kłosińska, Elżbieta Małgorzata
dc.description.abstract: A brown shin guard was recently discovered in a bend of the Tyśmienica River. The ornament was probably made in the Mazowsze-Podlasie center of bronze production. It can be dated to the younger section of the Early Iron Age – HaD.; In the spring in 2021, in the bend of the Tyśmienica River within the village of Czemierniki, commune loco, Radzyń district, Lublin province, a bronze shin guard was discovered. This item was quite large and massive. It was made of a rod with a circular cross-section, which narrows slightly towards the ends. In one place of the coil, the rod is heavily worn, and in its cross-section it takes the shape of a capital letter “D”. The arms do not come completely into contact with each other. Nevertheless, it can be considered that the fit of the arms of the shin guard was accurate. At the very ends there are very slightly distinguishable stamp-like thickenings. Both endings, on the edges directed to the inside of the decoration, have use-wear traces. The surface of the artefact is covered with a thin layer of very dark patina. This probably means that the shin guard rested in a humid environment. The condition of this item is very good.
The surface of the artefact is covered with a multi-threaded, complicated ornament. The axis of the whole ornament could have been circles with a point in the middle (probably representing a solar disc). They were also placed on the surfaces of the ends. The space where the circles are located is limited by groups of cross bars. This space is additionally filled with combinations of diagonal lines and an ornament of hatched triangles. At the ends of the coil there are also rows of diagonal lines that are similar to zigzags. Thus, the entire surface of the item was covered with decoration.
The shin guard gives the impression of long-term use. It is clearly visible that on the inside of the ring there is a lenticular dimple – abrasion or flattening. It does not appear to be a mark of pegging to prevent the shin guard from being lost. A locking wedge was rather used for this purpose. It cannot be ruled out that such a groove/abrasion/flattening of the ring was created as a result of intentional actions – in order to increase the effectiveness of the use of a wedge that blocks the ornament on the leg.
It is also worth paying attention to abrasions around the slightly stamp-like endings. The abrasions are inside. It is difficult to assess unequivocally whether they were created in the process of using, when they were rubbing the body of the person wearing the shin guard. However, it could be that the edges of the endings were so difficult to wear that they were filed on purpose.
Shin guards are spectacular ornaments from the Lusatian culture. They usually occurred in pairs in groups that were graves or deposits from the Early Iron Age. They were also context-free finds. They have attracted long the attention of researchers and have been considered in the context of the so-called Stanomin-type bronzes, originating from the Kuyavian center of bronze metallurgy.
The shin guard from Czemierniki was probably made in one of the metalworking workshops in Mazowsze or Podlasie. Therefore, it can be considered a local product. This shin guard can be dated to HaD, as well as other shin guards made in this centre. It is noteworthy that there are no similarly decorated items here, which probably proves the existence of local workshops shaping the local style in the environment of the Lusatian culture. That is why, a question also arises whether each of the patterns somehow characterized the owners of shin guards or defined their identity (e.g. belonging to a clan, family), rank or function (?). Maybe the ornaments with solar motifs, as in the case of the shin guards from Czemierniki, characterized the functionaries of the cult? Obviously, these are questions that cannot be answered unequivocally. It seems likely, however, that in the Early Iron Age sets of ornaments – including massive shin guards – were luxury goods of the time.
2022-12-01T00:00:00ZЕнеолітичне поховання біля с. Колоколин у Верхньому Подністров’їПозіховський, Oлександрhttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/92812023-08-20T01:00:53Z2022-12-01T00:00:00Zdc.title: Енеолітичне поховання біля с. Колоколин у Верхньому Подністров’ї
dc.contributor.author: Позіховський, Oлександр
dc.description.abstract: In 1935, T. Sulimirski, in a grotto near the village of Kołokolin, examined two destroyed burials, which he referred to the third period of the Neolithic period in accordance with the contemporary periodization, and proposed separating a local group of the Lublin-Volyn culture. Currently, these burials are associated with the Lublin-Volyn culture. However, the analysis of the artefacts discovered indicates that they represent two different taxonomic units. One of them, containing an amphora, should be associated with the Lublin-Volyn culture, the others with the local group (phase) of the Pleszów-Modlnica Lengyel culture. This is confirmed by analogies both from settlements and burials of the aforementioned group (phase) from the Kraków region.; In 1935, T. Sulimirski excavated two destroyed burials in a grotto near the village Kołokolin, which he referred to the third period of the Neolithic period in accordance with the periodization of that time, and proposed separating a local group of the Lublin-Volyn culture. Currently, these burials are associated with the Lublin-Volyn culture. However, the analysis of the artefacts discovered there indicates that they represent two different taxonomic units. One of them, containing an amphora, should be associated with the Lublin-Volyn culture, whereas the others are linked with the local Pleszów-Modlnica group (phase) of the Lengyel culture. This is confirmed by analogies both from settlements and burials of the aforementioned group (phase) from the Kraków region.
2022-12-01T00:00:00ZDokument Patriarchy akwilejskiego Poppona z roku 1031, jego kontekst historyczny oraz problem osadnictwa słowiańskiego w północno-wschodniej Italii w średniowieczuPiotrowski, Marcinhttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/92802023-08-20T01:01:29Z2022-12-01T00:00:00Zdc.title: Dokument Patriarchy akwilejskiego Poppona z roku 1031, jego kontekst historyczny oraz problem osadnictwa słowiańskiego w północno-wschodniej Italii w średniowieczu
dc.contributor.author: Piotrowski, Marcin
dc.description.abstract: The article concerns the document of the Patriarch of Aquileia Poppo from 1031, which mentions, among other things, a place called villa Sclavorum (Villa of the Slavs). The Latin content of the document was quoted with a translation into Polish. In addition to the characteristics and translation of the document, it is presented in a historical context and against the background of the Slavic settlement in north-eastern Italy in the Middle Ages.; Among the artefacts of medieval ecclesiastical writing in north-eastern Italy, a document of the Patriarch of Aquileia Poppo, dated July 13, 1031, is of particular interest to Slavic researchers (archaeologists and historians). On that day, Poppo, after the consecration of the rebuilt basilica of Aquileia, in the presence of clergy and lay witnesses, increased the number of canons in this church to 50, establishing – that is, conferring or confirming – a benefice for their maintenance. Among the places that the patriarch established as a prebend for the brothers mentioned was „[...] villa Melereto, with all its areas and appurtenances, i.e. the villa of the Slavs, which is similarly called Meleretum [...]” („[...] villam de Melereto cum omnibus finibus et pertinentiis suis, scilicet cum villa Sclavorum que similiter dicitur Meleretum [...]”). The aim of this article is to introduce the aforementioned source to the Polish archaeological and historical literature devoted to the Medieval Slavs. The entire Latin content of the document has been quoted along with a translation into Polish. The second goal is to show the religious, political and economic circumstances of the creation of the document, its wandering between archives, printed editions and as well as closer presentation of the figure of the issuer – the Patriarch Poppo. Finally, the third purpose of the paper is to look at the presence of Slavic peoples in the areas between the Alps and the Adriatic. In the last part, the villa Sclavorum included in the Poppo’s document is presented against the background of the Medieval Slavic settlement in north-eastern Italy, outlined on the basis of other written sources, archaeological finds and toponymic data. The analytical part ends with an attempt to answer the question whether the Slavs living in the church property of Aquileia were Christians and to what extent?
dc.description: Niniejszy tekst niemal w całości pokrywa się z treścią referatu wygłoszonego 12 stycznia 2023 r. w Zakładzie Badań Źródłoznawczych i Edytorstwa Instytutu Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Warszawie. Uwzględniłem i rozwinąłem w nim elementy pojawiające się w dyskusji, zwłaszcza rozważania dotyczące sposobu rozumienia wyrażenia villa Sclavorum, które występuje w tytułowym dokumencie patriarchy Poppona. Materiały do tekstu zostały w większości zebrane w trakcie stażu w Narodowym Muzeum Archeologicznym w Cividale del Friuli, w latach 2018–2019.
2022-12-01T00:00:00ZWojna na słowa z polityką i historią w tle – językowe aspekty słynnego sporu o SłowianJachym, Barbarahttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/92792023-08-20T01:01:15Z2022-12-01T00:00:00Zdc.title: Wojna na słowa z polityką i historią w tle – językowe aspekty słynnego sporu o Słowian
dc.contributor.author: Jachym, Barbara
dc.description.abstract: The article is devoted to the linguistic analysis of the polemics conducted in the press by Józef Kostrzewski and Bolko von Richthofen in the interwar period. The scientific subject – the ethnogenesis of the Slavs – turned into a sharp political polemic. The set of analysed texts is an example of a discourse – a tangle of texts, thematically related, standing with each other and with the discourse in a complex relationship. The texts refer to each other through numerous quotations, paraphrases, references in the text and footnotes. Their analysis provided information about the image of us – Poles (Slavs) vs. they – Germans (Germani), we – Polish scientists vs. they – German researchers existing then, as well as information on language strategies used to create a specific image of oneself and the opponent. Since the controversy was conducted in public, it also affected the public perception of the discussed issue, while the socio-historical reality of the time also had an impact on the course of the debate. The closer the Second World War approached, the more heated the dispute became, and the more scientists moved away from the scientific problem and entered into sharp political polemics.; The article was based on the monograph published in 2022 entitled Wissenschaft und Ideologie. Linguistische Analyze des Diskurses zur Ethnogenese der Slawen. 42 publications, both in Polish and German, written by Józef Kostrzewski and Bolko von Richthofen have been analysed. The research corpus consists of texts that are clearly related to each other and form a network of texts – discourse. The articles belonging to the corpus were subjected to a linguistic analysis, thanks to which an insight into the linguistic image of a certain fragment of reality was gained providing the view of that time on the origin of the Slavs. The analysis of the texts also provided information about the image of us – Poles (Slavs) vs. they –Germans (Germani), we – Polish scientists vs. they – German researchers existing then (including the way of practicing science here vs. the way of practicing science there). Although the subject of the dispute is a scientific issue that was discussed in numerous presentations by both archaeologists in scientific publications, nevertheless this particular debate was largely held in the press (daily newspapers, popular science magazines, propaganda brochures) and its actors were known for their highly polemical style. Both accused each other of mistakes they made themselves, such as unscientific and polemical arguments or performing working methods briefly, and also that they practiced archaeology in the service of politics. Both Richthofen and Kostrzewski let themselves be carried away by the prevailing mood at the time. The archaeologists were also aware that their dispute was not only about scientific matters, and their views were certainly influenced not only by the results of scientific research, but also by the reality of interwar Europe that surrounded them. On the other hand, the fact that the debate was conducted through the media means that to some extent it also created the extra-linguistic (socio-political) reality in the context of the discussed topic and influenced the shape of the non-scientific discussion on this topic. This generally scientific problem became public and thus it lost the scientific dimension, and regarding the time in which it took place, it gained a political dimension. Due to the fact that the dispute between Kostrzewski and Richthofen was played out in the media also resulted in another consequence. The average reader, who might have been more or less interested in the topic, had only read part of the discussion (in his own language) owing to the language barrier, therefore he was not able to assess objectively the whole thing. The image of the opposing side and knowledge on a given topic came mainly from texts (statements) available to the reader of one of the sides of the conflict. This certainly influenced the one-sided view of the entire dispute. This fact was used by discourse actors who could skilfully manipulate public opinion in this way, creating in their statements for instance a negative image of the opponent and his activities. Since the texts were also replicas of controversies, references to earlier texts also played the role of a commentary (often critical) to the position of the adversary. They allowed to distance oneself from a statement, deny, undermine someone’s judgment, and the assessment of the opposing party’s actions was not only rarely positive, but it was usually critical and negative, and applied not only to the content, but also to the person of the author. Often the point was only to discredit the opponent and his supporters in the eyes of the readers and ridicule their (obviously in the author’s opinion) unscientific methods of the research. Numerous and often mutual accusations served this purpose, e.g. against Richthofen: unscientific approach, instrumental treatment of science in the service of politics, (comic) errors in the translations of Kostrzewski’s texts into German, falsification of history, absurd (irrational) behaviour. Richthofen, on the other hand, accused Kostrzewski of, e.g. unscientific approach, absurd behaviour and hypocrisy. At the same time, the scientific question about the ethnicity of the Lusatian culture is completely relegated to the background, and the main goal of the actors is to gain a mental advantage over the opponent. Scientists did not avoid using, e.g. irony to show the ridiculousness of the opponent’s actions and thus discredit or even slander him. Archaeologists resorted to hurtful words and often did not just attack the views of the opposing party, but they were engaged in interpersonal conflicts. The analysed texts provide information on language strategies used to create a specific image of oneself and the opponent, which the media transported then to a wider audience, thus it could significantly affect, e.g. social attitudes to a given phenomenon, people or concepts. The linguistic material from the texts shows how the polemic participants try to create a certain part of reality and at the same time influence its social perception. Texts/statements as communication units by means of which their authors want to achieve certain intended effects are a product of social interactions and activities and should always be studied in connection with the social, cultural and political context, as well as in relation to other texts that form intertextual networks. The discourse analysed here constitutes such a group of texts that should be treated not only as a collection of individual textual realizations, but also in the context of their mutual relations, as well as the conditions of their creation and, above all, against the background of a broader socio-political and cultural perspective.
dc.description: Dysertacja została opublikowana w formie monografii: Jachym B. (2022): Wissenschaft und Ideologie. Linguistische Analyse des Diskurses zur Ethnogenese der Slawen aus kontrastiver Sicht. Berlin: Peter Lang.
2022-12-01T00:00:00ZKoniec „łużyckiego świata”Czopek, Sylwesterhttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/92782023-08-20T01:00:58Z2022-12-01T00:00:00Zdc.title: Koniec „łużyckiego świata”
dc.contributor.author: Czopek, Sylwester
dc.description.abstract: The article is devoted to the disappearance of the Lusatian cultural circle, also traditionally called the Lusatian culture or, in more recent literature, the Lusatian urnfields. At the beginning, terminological issues are clarified and views on the disappearance of this cultural unit, which played an important role in Central Europe in the middle of the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, are presented. The main analytical part focuses on four regions within today’s borders of Poland – north-western, north-eastern, south-western and south-eastern. This is due to the sharply outlined foreign cultural features that are particularly sharp in these regions. This applies to the infiltration of the Jastorf culture (and earlier Nordic influences), the Baltic circle, the Hallstatt cultural complex and the Eastern European nomadic world. They are the aftermath of migration movements of varying intensity and chronology, but always within the early Iron Age (9th/8th–5th centuries BC). Signs of the structural crisis of the local Lusatian communities, which are very fragmented and do not constitute a cultural monolith, are also important for the considerations undertaken. The issue of changes in the natural environment on the border of the subboreal and subatlantic periods is also considered.; After analysing issues related to terminology, chronology and the current state of research (especially in 4 crucial regions where there are clear external infiltrations leading to cultural changes), the following conclusions were formulated.
I – it was indicated that in prehistoric studies it is generally easier to talk about the genesis and beginnings of cultural phenomena, especially in synthetic terms, than about their end. It is very significant that we often define it as a terminus ante quem in relation to the well-dated next settlement and cultural phase in a given area. Searching for direct source evidence, especially at the level of material culture, is difficult and generally fruitless (vide! the example of cultures with a model typical of the younger Pre-Roman Period).
II – it was emphasized that at the beginning of the Early Iron Age, the ecumene of the Lusatian cultural circle cannot be considered homogeneous. Divisions into smaller regional units are a fact (regardless of whether we call them Lusatian groups, subgroups or local units of Urnfields), and during the relatively long period of their function, there is no indication that these differences are blurring. On the contrary, many observations suggest otherwise. This was important during the period of transformations and the emerging local distinctiveness, even reflecting the hallmarks of cultural differences. Obviously, it is difficult to conclude that this was the only reason for the emerging dissimilarities. The external „identifiers” of cultural changes show the greater driving force than the sedentary and passive Lusatian communities. The question about the impact of external, independent factors should be considered which could be significant enough to cause the crisis of the Lusatian communities. The role of environmental changes, which are most visible in the settlement structures of central Poland, including Biskupin, cannot be denied. They probably had an impact on the functioning of some Lusatian populations. The „political” aspects that we can notice in the creation of the Chotyniec agglomeration, belonging to the Scythian circle, are also proven.
III – cultural changes and modifications took place dynamically, but we are not always able to chronologize them precisely, and consequently compare and interpret them, as we still operate within the three centuries of the Early Iron Age with various absolute dates of the individual phases of HaC and HaD. Karol Dzięgielewski has presented recently a successful attempt to synchronize cultural phenomena with climate changes, separating 3–4 stages, the most important of which is the identification of the period between 650 and 500/450 BC (= HaD), defined as the time of more favourable climatic conditions for settlement, dividing the cooler and wetter phases - around 800-650 (= HaC) and 450 and later (= LtA-LtB). The pause in warming period synchronises well with the HaD, which corresponds to the period of the virtual and final phase of cultural changes, which consequently marked the beginning of the end of the Lusatian world. However, we cannot talk about a sharp caesura, because in many regions the thesis about the temporary coexistence of groups (settlement on a microscale) belonging to the Lusatian and Pomeranian cultures is strongly emphasized.
IV – cultural changes in the Early Iron Age cannot be well understood without accepting the thesis of key importance about external influences which were related with population migrations. Certainly, they were of different nature, scale and intensity. It is worth mentioning, however, that the very concept of migration is not unambiguous and almost never means complete population replacement. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the Early Iron Age in the Polish lands was a period of dynamic changes, with smaller or larger consequences for local Lusatian communities, which is a feature of the entire „Urnfield world”, and even more broadly, the reconstruction of the cultural order in almost entire Europe, which is exemplified, for instance, by the great Greek colonization. The presence of military migrations of Eastern European nomads from the 10 th /9 th century BCE also raise no doubts to Central and Southern Europe, regardless of their reasons. Therefore, it is difficult to negate the military Scythian invasions that affected some Lusatian groups from the western part of Poland. They are confirmed by sources (Wicina) and probably had consequences for the scale of the continued existence of the stable Lusatian settlement in the western part of Poland.
V – apart from the key question about the cause – to simplify: migration or acculturation – many elements seem to indicate a general line of changes, in which its essence leads to various degrees of social differentiation. This phenomenon has the hallmarks of influences from the circle of culture with a higher material level and social organization in relation to local groups. This explains the presence of a new elite stratum, as well as material and symbolic emphasis on differences in social status, gender or age. They can take various shapes and forms, more or less clear in the sources (e.g. the Hallstatt type in Silesia), but their presence in the Early Iron Age is undoubtful. Therefore, if they are considered crucial changes, they can be described in this aspect as the end of the non-egalitarian Lusatian culture. The Silesian case indicates that after the period of these changes we are dealing with a certain stage that can be defined as the revival of old traditions (phase VI in Kietrz) or the weakening (perhaps even the diversion) of the previously outlined cultural features that differentiate society. An example may be the evolution of the funeral rite of the Pomeranian culture towards egalitarianism.
VI – the consequence of the characterized changes, with chronological differences and their intensity, is the general conclusion that the decline of the Lusatian world can be characterized as multi-faceted, emphasizing earlier differences in settlement, economy, beliefs and material culture at the level of local structures. It is most readable as a cultural crisis. Observations of many local groups clearly indicate regional and even local differences, hence the great difficulty (or even inability) in constructing a general (one) model of the decline of Lusatian communities. It is basically impossible to formulate in the face of many different internal and external factors. Therefore, in this context, in fact, it is impossible to go beyond the proposals of our masters. We can only make additions, formulate new arguments which, even in the face of new and groundbreaking discoveries, do not change the fundamental conclusion regarding the decline as a process stretched over time, a forced or chosen way of transforming local communities. The term of the era of urned cremation is not considered to be synonymous with a population crisis. There is no evidence or even a coherent concept regarding a possible depopulation.
VII – about a thousand years of dominance of the Lusatian world in Central Europe ended in completely different conditions than those that were clear at the time of its genesis and formation. Admittedly, also at that time, connections with other cultural groups were of great importance, which we combine into the Urnfield cultural circle. However, the direction of these inspirations was one – the broadly understood south. The substrate on the basis of which the Lusatian community developed was also similar to other Urnfield provinces (mainly the Tumulus cultures and related). For a thousand years, however, very serious changes took place, and in the entire area occupied by Urnfield cultures, at the end of their duration, we observe clear internal crises, caused by various factors (e.g. climate changes or social evolution). For the second time (apart from the Late Neolithic period) we are dealing with a visible pressure on Central Europe of Eastern European cultures and peoples. Sometimes it even took the form of devastating military escapades. What is more, the cultures that grew up in the northern Nordic circle, which had been stable for many centuries, also started to expand. The end of the „Lusatian world” should be synchronized with changes of much broader territorial connotations (one can say that they are even pan-European). It is a foreshadowing somewhat of what will happen in Central Europe over the next centuries.
dc.description: Niniejszy tekst jest nieco zmienioną wersją wystąpienia konferencyjnego pod tym samym tytułem, wygłoszonego w trakcie sympozjum „Ziemie polskie i ich sąsiedzi w czasach pól popielnicowych”, Lublin 21–23, wrzesień 2022.
2022-12-01T00:00:00Z„Die eine aus dem Westen, die andere aus dem Süden“. Eine kleine Studie zu Fibeln in der Vekerzug-KulturAnita Kozubováhttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/92772023-08-20T01:00:46Z2022-12-01T00:00:00Zdc.title: „Die eine aus dem Westen, die andere aus dem Süden“. Eine kleine Studie zu Fibeln in der Vekerzug-Kultur
dc.contributor.author: Anita Kozubová
dc.description.abstract: This study deals with the finds of fibulae from the Hallstatt period sites of the Vekerzug culture from Eastern Hungary and Southern Slovakia. The majority of the fibulae come from graves, the rest are either stray or settlement finds. Providing a more complex overview of the fibulae was at the centre of our interest, focused mainly on a cultural and spatial analysis, their possible relation to the specific gender or age category of the burial individuals and on possible importance of the fibulae for the costumes of the Vekerzug culture. Two main origin groups of the fibulae were identified, namely the fibulae of the Hallstatt type and the fibulae of Balkan origin. The fibulae were predominantly found in the graves of adult females. Their costumes do not differ from the female costumes of the Vekerzug culture without fibulae.; This study deals with the finds of fibulae from the Hallstatt period sites of the Vekerzug culture from Eastern Hungary and Southern Slovakia. So far, 29 fibulae have been found at 18 sites. The majority of the fibulae come from graves (20 items from 16 graves), the rest are either stray (6 items) or settlement finds (2 items). Providing a more complex overview of the fibulae was at the centre of our interest, focused mainly on a cultural and spatial analysis, their possible relation to the specific gender or age category of the burial individuals and on possible importance of the fibulae for the costumes of the Vekerzug culture.
The importance of the fibulae lies in the relatively reliable dating possibilities of those find complexes of the Vekerzug culture in which they occurred. Since the finds of fibulae are not numerous, their usefulness for the elaboration of the chronology and periodisation of the Vekerzug culture is quite limited. Two main origin groups of the fibulae were identified, namely the fibulae of the Hallstatt type and the fibulae of Balkan origin. Both main origin groups can be further subdivided into several subgroups. Group 1 with fibulae of the Hallstatt type includes both Eastern Alpine and Northwestern Alpine fibulae types. Eastern Alpine fibulae types are represented in the Vekerzug culture by boat, serpentine, arch, Certosa and band bow fibulae, whereas Northwestern Alpine ones are represented by bossed and crossbow fibulae with a decorated foot. Several types of arch and disc-shaped fibulae can be assigned to the group 2 with fibulae of Balkan origin. According to their main distributions, these can be further divided into several subgroups.
While the fibulae of the Hallstatt type were found both in Southern Slovakia and in Eastern Hungary (there almost exclusively in the right bank of the Tisza), the fibulae of Balkan origin are known only from sites in Eastern Hungary and there almost exclusively in the left bank of the Tisza. On the basis of the fibulae, which were used from the Ha D1 stage to the Early Latène period, the chronological development of the contacts of the Vekerzug culture with neighbouring cultural regions can also be traced. Connections between the Vekerzug culture and various Hallstatt cultural groups on the one hand and Early Iron Age cultural groups in the Central and Eastern Balkans on the other hand can be shown not only by the fibulae but also by other categories of finds.
In the Vekerzug culture, fibulae are equally represented in inhumation and cremation graves. In inhumation graves, they were located in the chest-shoulder area and therefore probably served to fasten garments. Most frequently, a fibula was observed in the grave, a double or even triple wearing of fibulae is an exception in the Vekerzug culture. The fibulae were predominantly found in the graves of adult females. Their costumes do not differ from the female costumes of the Vekerzug culture without fibulae.
2022-12-01T00:00:00ZThe size and structure of Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture populationCzopek, SylwesterTrybała-Zawiślak, Katarzynahttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/92762023-08-20T01:01:21Z2022-12-01T00:00:00Zdc.title: The size and structure of Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture population
dc.contributor.author: Czopek, Sylwester; Trybała-Zawiślak, Katarzyna
dc.description.abstract: Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture is a cultural unit distinguished in south-eastern Poland, spanning from the middle Bronze Age to the early Iron Age (and thus roughly from the 14 th /13 th to the 5 th /4 th century BC). One of its most characteristic features are large crematory cemeteries (the largest consisting of more than a thousand tombs), utilized for many centuries. For many of them, apart from standard archaeological information, we also possess anthropological analysis, perfect for demographic considerations. One can specify the size and structure of the population which used the cemetery, as well as study the dynamics of changes in the course of a long period of burying the dead in the same place. Such an analysis in the form of social microstructure research is the basis of inference at a higher level, including mesoregions settlement, characterized by a network of co-occurring cemeteries and accompanying settlements. The sum of these observations, in turn, allows us to estimate the number of people living in the territory assigned to Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. At each level of inference in terms of population size, a crucial role is played by possibly the most accurate and precise estimation of time of cemetery usage or the presence of settlements in the analyzed region.; Tarnobrzeska kultura łużycka jest jednostką kulturową wyodrębnioną w południowo-wschodniej Polsce, charakterystyczną dla okresu obejmującego okres od środkowej epoki brązu do wczesnej epoki żelaza (w przybliżeniu od XIV/XIII do V/IV w. p.n.e.). Jedną z jej najbardziej charakterystycznych cech są duże cmentarzyska ciałopalne (największe z nich liczą ponad tysiąc grobów), użytkowane przez wiele stuleci. Dla wielu z nich oprócz standardowych informacji archeologicznych dysponujemy również analizami antropologicznymi, które doskonale nadają się do rozważań demograficznych. Dzięki nim można określić liczebność i strukturę populacji użytkującej cmentarzysko, a także zbadać dynamikę zmian w ciągu długiego czasu grzebania zmarłych w tym samym miejscu. Taka analiza w postaci badań mikrostruktury społecznej może być następnie podstawą wnioskowania na wyższym poziomie, między innymi na temat osadnictwa mezoregionów, charakteryzujących się siecią współwystępujących cmentarzysk i towarzyszących im osad. Suma tych obserwacji pozwala z kolei oszacować liczbę ludności zamieszkującej tereny przypisane do tarnobrzeskiej kultury łużyckiej. Na każdym poziomie wnioskowania dotyczącego liczebności populacji, kluczową rolę odgrywa możliwość jak najdokładniejszego i najbardziej precyzyjnego oszacowania czasu użytkowania cmentarzyska lub obecności osadnictwa na analizowanym terenie.
dc.description: The article is the text of a paper presented during the international conference „Recent Issues in Archaeological Demography” organized at the Institute of Archeology of the University of Rzeszów in 2016. Due to the fact that the post-conference materials have not been published so far, the authors decided to publish the text in this volume.
2022-12-01T00:00:00ZOsada z epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza na stanowisku Tarnobrzeg 5Rajpold, Wojciechhttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/92752023-08-20T01:00:31Z2022-12-01T00:00:00Zdc.title: Osada z epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza na stanowisku Tarnobrzeg 5
dc.contributor.author: Rajpold, Wojciech
dc.description.abstract: Archaeological research at the site Tarnobrzeg 5 site was carried out by Jan Gurba and Marek Florek in 1992, uncovering settlement materials of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture (TLC) and the Trzciniec culture (TC). The latter were not very numerous and representative, so they did not give grounds for a specific determination of the chronology. Undoubtedly, the most interesting artefact was a bronze sickle with a knob, referring to the III and IV period of the Bronze Age. The TLC materials, which almost entirely can be referred to the III phase of its development, turned out to be crucial for determining the chronology of the site. In terms of pottery forms, the most numerous were egg-shaped pots with holes under the edge of the rim, finger hollows and plastic strips. An interesting form was also a bowl on an empty leg. Both egg-shaped pots and a bowl with an empty leg may be evidence of Eastern cultural influences. It is also worth noting two fragmentarily preserved vases, which – as it seems – can be dated to the turn of the II and III phases of the TLC, which would indicate the existence of chronologically older material. Bronze and iron tweezers have also been recorded here, which may document the dissemination of iron.; The subject of this text are materials coming from the site Tarnobrzeg 5. In 1992, owing to the 400 th anniversary of the location of Tarnobrzeg city, Jan Gurba and Marek Florek carried out survey excavations within the Dzikowski Castle (Tarnobrzeg-Dzików 1) and in the area between Bartosz Głowacki Square and the castle (Tarnobrzeg 5). Two excavation trenches (about 40 m 2 ) were made, where 8 features of the Trzciniec culture (hereinafter referred to as TC) and the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture (hereinafter referred to as TLC) were discovered.
Two features of dwelling nature can be associated with the Trzciniec culture. One of them was a post-hole, which was part of the hut, and a storage pit, the exact function of which we cannot determine. Moreover, we are able to associate four features from trench 6 with the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. All of them are storage pits for economic purposes. This allows us to assume that a part of the economic settlement was uncovered.Unfortunately, the low degree of examination of the site does not give us data (both for TC and TLC) to consider the form, size and exact time of functioning of the settlement.
The TC artefacts recorded during the research are: 186 pottery sherds, a bronze sickle and a few flint artefacts. The ceramic material here is highly fragmented, but it was possible to find out that the finds did not differ technologically from other sites in south-eastern Poland. The collection includes here a more or less similar number of fragments of thickened and straight rims, hence the oldest stages of development can rather be rejected. In addition, single fragments of biconical vases – similar to the Lusatian culture – could indicate a late chronology, within the III and IV periods of the Bronze Age. Unfortunately, apart from these two tenuous indications, there are no other ceramic materials that could help in determining the chronology. Better dating values are provided by a bronze sickle with a knob, which can be referred only to the III and IV periods of the Bronze Age. What is more, a small axe made of Świeciechów flint would indicate the aforementioned period. It is worth noting here that a bronze sickle with a knob could be a proof of farming activities in TC. Nevertheless, the high value of this type of item would make one wonder whether it was used in everyday life - it seems that its cult purpose would be much more likely.
In the case of TLC materials, we can identify about 350 pottery sherds and 8 vessels that were preserved in a large extent. As for metal artefacts, they were represented by a bronze coil and bronze and iron tweezers. Additionally, a fragmentary preserved quern stone was also discovered.
Technologically, the ceramic materials did not differ from other TLC materials, although a relatively low (as for the settlement) share of coarse ceramics can be noted here. However, this may be the result of a significant degree of destruction. Egg-shaped pots dominated here, ornamented with holes under the edge of the rim, finger hollows and plastic strips. Plate-pies, which are characteristic of settlement materials, were also popular. On the other hand, bowls appeared only in single copies. There were fragments of semi-circular bowls with thickened rims on both sides and one bowl on an empty foot. In addition, two fragmentarily preserved small vases were also noted. With reference to these materials, they fit the III phase of the TLC development. Only vases can be related to the beginning of the III or possibly the end of the II phase - so they
may indicate the oldest materials. It is worth mentioning that the ornamentation of egg-shaped pots, as well as the presence a bowl with an empty foot and the share of chamotte in the admixture indicate eastern influences.
Bronze artefacts were relatively few in number, which was the norm at TLC settlement sites. This can be explained by their high value, which did not allow them to be left when leaving the settlement. A small bronze coil, with one pointed end and the other in the form of a spiral, has numerous analogies and can be affiliated only to the III developmental phase. In the case of bronze and iron tweezers, certainly based on the raw material, they can be referred to the III phase of the development of the TLC. To some extent, they could document the shift away from the more valuable and hard-to-find bronze material in favour of iron features. Nevertheless, this is a single find, so it is difficult to analyse more extensively.
The quoted materials indicate that the discussed settlement can undoubtedly be referred to the III development phase of the TLC, perhaps even to its beginnings.
It is also noteworthy that several pottery sherds of the Przeworsk culture (hereinafter PRC) were uncovered at this site. However, the small number of these materials does not allow us to talk about the function or chronology of this site. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that there is information about a PRC cemetery functioning in the vicinity, so perhaps it would be a necropolis.
What is more, it is worth saying a few words about the settlement situation in the immediate vicinity of the discussed site. Speaking of TC, we have very little data, because only 7 sites could be assigned to this cultural unit. It can be noted that this site was associated with a larger settlement system, linked with the Vistula valley, where agricultural activities were to prevail and where we also record the earliest TLC materials. The situation in the microregion of settlement system directly related to the discussed settlement was particularly interesting. It is possible to identified three TC site within it; unfortunately, excavations were carried out only in the discussed settlement, so it is impossible to determine the function of the other sites. However, it is worth mentioning, that regarding one of the TLC cemeteries, dated to the III and IV periods of the Bronze Age, single fragments of TC were uncovered.
We have more data for TLC – there are as many as 81 sites within a radius of 5 km. In terms of the micro-region, our settlement could undoubtedly be associated with the cemetery at the site Tarnobrzeg 1. The presence of a large number of TLC cemeteries here was a certain abnormal situation, but it seems that they were artificially separated here. Unfortunately, there are no other settlements in the discussed area, which can be explained by the strong urbanization of the entire region and the destruction of the remaining sites. It should be noted that our cluster was part of a cluster belt that were slightly more dispersed and somewhat isolated from each other, while in the south-east a system with numerous sites developed and clusters very closely adjacent to each other. Therefore, such evidence could indicate a two-track economic system, with stable and
dc.description: Niniejszy artykuł powstał na bazie pracy licencjackiej napisanej w Instytucie Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego (2010) pod kierunkiem prof. dra hab. Sylwestra Czopka.
2022-12-01T00:00:00ZSiekierka brązowa z FalejówkiBlajer, WojciechKotowicz, PiotrGarbacz-Klempka, AldonaJurecki, Piotrhttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/92742023-08-20T01:00:25Z2022-12-01T00:00:00Zdc.title: Siekierka brązowa z Falejówki
dc.contributor.author: Blajer, Wojciech; Kotowicz, Piotr; Garbacz-Klempka, Aldona; Jurecki, Piotr
dc.description.abstract: The article is devoted to the find of a bronze socketed axe discovered in 2013 in Falejówka (Sanok district). The find was made on the top of Mount Wroczeń, several meters from the hoard of bronze items (Falejówka, hoard II), dated to HaA1. This artefact belongs to the so-called “beaked” or “horned” axes, but none of the numerous specimens of this type is an exact equivalent of the discussed find. Stylistic features – primarily the characteristic trident motif decorating it, which occurs on axes discovered mainly in today's Hungary – allow the item from Falejówka to be dated HaA1-HaB1. The quality of the casting proves that the axe was made with good knowledge of the mould technology and the processes of smelting and pouring the liquid alloy, using bronze with a low tin content. As for its composition, metals derived from sulphide ores, mainly antimony, have also been identified.; The article is devoted to the find of a bronze axe discovered in 2013 by Tomasz Podolak using a metal detector in Falejówka (Sanok district, Podkarpackie province). The discovery was made on the top of Mount Wroczeń several meters from the place where the hoard consisting of 40 bronze items was discovered (Falejówka, hoard II). Initially, it was even associated with this deposit, but eventually it was concluded that the place of discovery of the axe did not allow for its unequivocal association with the aforementioned assemblage.
The axe was cast in a two-piece mould with a core and it was a good quality casting, made with knowledge of both the mould technology in terms of mould construction, core and metal pouring (gating) system, as well as high-temperature processes of smelting and pouring the liquid alloy. It resulted in casting the axe without defects, requiring only typical finishing works. There are traces of forging and grinding on the blade. In terms of the material characteristics of the alloy, the axe represents low-tin bronze. As for its composition, some metals received from sulphide ores, mainly antimony, have also been identified.
The discussed axe belongs to a large and diverse group of socketed axes with an arched shape of the socket with an elongated edge of the mouth opposite to the base of a loop, referred to as “beaked” or “horned”. They occurred in the basin of the middle Danube and in the adjacent areas in a wide time frame, but none of the items known to the authors is an exact equivalent of the artefact from Falejówka. The main dating element is the characteristic trident motif decorating it, which appears on various types of axes, discovered primarily in the Carpathian Basin. Stylistic features allow the axe from Falejówka to be dated HaA1-HaB1.
The find fits well with the picture that has emerged in recent years as a result of a series of discoveries on Mount Wroczeń, and confirms the special role of this elevation as a place of depositing collective hoards and individual items from at least the Late Bronze Age to the La Tène period.
2022-12-01T00:00:00ZMateriały krzemieniarskie ze stanowiska Wysoka 1, pow. łańcucki (badania 1995)Pelisiak, Andrzejhttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/92732023-08-20T01:00:19Z2022-12-01T00:00:00Zdc.title: Materiały krzemieniarskie ze stanowiska Wysoka 1, pow. łańcucki (badania 1995)
dc.contributor.author: Pelisiak, Andrzej
dc.description.abstract: This study contains information about flint materials discovered at the site 1 in Wysoka, Łańcut commune. This inventory consists of 57 items. Most of them were discovered in the context of features of the Mierzanowice culture. They are made mainly of Świeciechów flint, and they are of typical Early Bronze Age flintwork nature (half-products of bifacial axes, backed blade knife). In addition, not numerous Neolithic artefacts of the Malice culture were discovered there.; The subject of this study are flint materials discovered in the course of excavations carried out in 1995 under the direction of Wojciech Blajer. 57 artefacts uncovered in the features of the Mierzanowice culture and in the cultural layer were available for the research. The vast majority of them have features of the Early Bronze Age flintworking. These are bifacial forms, including axes and their semi-finished products, a backed knife and flakes of polished axes. These materials were made mainly from Świeciechów flint. In addition, a few artefacts were made of blades with characteristics of the Neolithic flintwork. Since a few fragments of pottery sherds of the Malice culture were also discovered at this site, it is most likely that the Neolithic flint component should be associated with this culture.
2022-12-01T00:00:00Z