Słowo. Studia językoznawcze nr 9/2018

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Budownik, krawc i łowiak, czyli jak dzieci pięcioletnie tworzą nazwy wykonawców czynności
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Zając, Ewelina
Naming is an important stage in a child’s life, proving that they learn and experience the world. With age, active vocabulary of children is growing. Pre-school children have the greatest ability to shape a language, they are creative and take an example from the environment. While modeling themselves on adults, they take over part of the vocabulary, but also create new words for naming things, phenomena, people they know, but also those who they have not remembered or have not met before. The aim of the article is to present and discuss the lexical material collected among five-year-old children (from the area of Turek, Greater Poland Voivodeship/ Wielkopolska). The presented analysis touches upon the methods of creating names of the contractors of different activities, including word formation techniques and the phenomenon of analogy.
Concept of silence in modern speech practices
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Shumarova, Nataliya
W artykule został rozpatrzony koncept „milczenie”, jego wyobrażenia we współczesnym stylu artystycznym i dziennikarskim, a także w reakcjach asocjatywnych młodego pokolenia – studentów Instytutut Dziennikarstwa Narodowego Uniwersytetu imienia Tarasa Szewczenki w Kijowie, jako aktywnych użytkowników współczesnych norm komunikacji językowej. Podstawą analizy stylowej są materiały Elektronicznego Korpusu Tekstów Języka Ukraińskiego, stworzonego przez zespół badaczy wymienionego wyżej Uniwersytetu. Zanalizowano fizyczne, psychologiczne, aksjologiczne wymiary milczenia. Opisano osobliwości jego definicji w tekstach badanych rejestrów stylistycznych, wyodrębniono typowe metaforyczne modele rozszerzenia konceptualnego pola „milczenie”, a także przytoczono emocjonalne cechy charakterystyczne. Określono reakcje studentów i ich skojarzenia związane z wyznaczonym konceptem.
„Czelendżuj kejsa”, czyli kilka uwag o języku korporacji
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Zahaczewska, Izabela
Corporations are large, most often international enterprises in which a lot of attention is paid to all kinds of procedures, work organization, efficiency in operation and anonymity. Employees of large companies are treated as fully convertible „cogs of machinery”, which is why these institutions arouse completely ambivalent feelings in society – for some they are almost a modern form of slavery, others associate them with continuous development, the opportunity to meet new people and foreign trips. In the face of corporate challenges, knowledge of English has become an indispensable skill. In the constantly progressing process of globalization, he penetrated permanently, mainly in the form of borrowings, also to the Polish version of corporate speech, providing the basis for creating a specific language, called korpolekt, korpomowa, poliszinglisz or ponglish. While English names of positions or areas of the company are recognized in the international environment and greatly facilitate communication, combining Polish and English words or polonizing foreign phrases often gives even comical results. The aim of this article is therefore an attempt to discuss selected characteristic features of this specific novelty and give examples of typical corporate words, phrases and abbreviations.
Identyfikacja osób w nazwach organizacji kombatanckich II Rzeczpospolitej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Karamańska, Marta; Młynarczyk, Ewa
The paper deals with the names of former servicemen associations, which were active in the Second Polish Republic period. The most important component of the semantic structure of each name is the element identifying the associated members. This identification is made mostly due to their participation in war activities and national independence movements, or belonging to the army or army-supporting units. Thanks to the strict connection between the analysed name structures and the time and place of the activity of these associations, they are a clear medium of historical-cultural contents.
Kodyfikacja języka wojskowego – wybrane postulaty językowe publikowane na łamach miesięcznika ,,Bellona”
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Faliszewska, Paulina
The aim of the article is to provide an insight into the codification of Polish military language, which occurred during interwar period. In order to describe how this process was being completed, ,,Bellona”, the army-related monthly publishing articles on normativization of military jargon, was analyzed. Special focus was given to commentaries on the abovementioned process, which were expressed by officers and linguists as well as by laymen, who were interested in this topic but did not serve in the army. These articles are an incredibly valuable source of information on how the codification of Polish military language was performed. Moreover, they reflect deep understanding of how this professional variety of Polish was perceived by individuals representing various social groups. The article provides an overview the most frequent linguistic postulates related to the codification of Polish military language, including the attitude towards loan-words and native lexemes, normativization, use of archaic and obsolete words in the military jargon as well as linguistic patterns, clarity and accuracy of lexemes, consistent use of established words and economy of military language. All of the abovementioned postulates are compared with the linguistic tendencies of interwar period to depict similarities and discrepancies between the military jargon and professional varieties of Polish.
Kultura ludowa przełomu wieków XX i XXI. Tradycja i zmiana
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Kurek, Halina
Until the middle of 20th century, traditional folk culture was an unthreatened system in Poland. Serious changes stared after 1945, as a result of deep social and economic, business and political transformations that occurred in the country at that time. Gradually, the process led to bilingualism in villages – dialect / rural substandard. As a result, the dialect was used in the contacts between family members and neighbours, and the rural substandard was used in official situations and while talking with people from outside the folk cultural environment. At the same time, the communist government tried to impose on traditional folk artists, who often were non-commercial or anonymous, one obligatory model of culture called “Cepeliada”. The second significant wave of changes in rural language and culture came after 1989, when Poland started to undergo great political, social, economic and business transformation. The changes became particularly important after 2004, when Poland joined the European Union. Two opposite, but complementary trends started to influence the culture of the village at that time: globalisation and regionalisation. Due to the process of globalisation, a lot of alien elements permeate the traditional, rural cultural system and become its part. As a result, certain determinants of that system have become similar on the trans-regional level and even on the international level, which makes them lose their local character. Regionalisation, in turn, is oriented to the local nature of a given culture, i.e. finding and showing the world one’s own identity marks. Thus, while the village is trying to maintain its identity, it does not reject civilisation.
Mikrotoponimy południowo wschodniej części Beskidu Niskiego motywowane nazwami roślin i zwierząt
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Słabczyński, Robert
The work comprises an etymological and semantic analysis of micro-toponyms used in the south-east part of the Beskid Niski Mountains, derived from the names of plants and animals. The presented micro-toponyms reflect the pre-war ethnic variety of the researched area, and what follows – language diversity. Among the considered local names are forms belonging to the Polish language system, e.g. Leszczyny, Olszyny, Grabiki, Tarnie; the Lemko system, e.g. Berezynky, Wilszyny, Potik Wilchowy, Leszczackyj Potik, Werbina Łuka as well as Polish-Lemko contaminations, e.g. Pod Jablinką, Pod Jałyciami, Pieprzowa Hirka. The researched toponyms have been discussed in motivation and semantic groups created, for example, by topographic names, cultural names, metaphoric names, names which are ambiguous with regard to name origin, mixed or relational.
Nazwy bractw rycerskich jako element budowania wizerunku grupy rekonstrukcyjnej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Kułakowska, Małgorzata
The paper presents names of the brotherhoods which participate in the movement of historical reenactment. Those brotherhoods reenact the Middle Ages and their names, by means of various stylistic devices, bear resemblance to that period. Those stylistic devices are: 1) the use of historical collectivum bractwo together with an adjective rycerskie instead of contemporary terms like grupa rekonstukcyjna or grupa rekonstrukcji historycznej 2) the use of historical names of the orders of knights, like chorągiew, hufiec, rota, drużyna, zastęp, kompania, zakon, etc. 3) introduction of historical names of territorial units to describe contemporary settlements or areas, e.g. ziemia, księstwo, komturia; 4) referring to historical figures as leaders or owners of the orders of knights, for example Janusz Brzozogłowy; 5) introduction of historical names of clans or coats of arms, for example Ród Gryfitów, Herb Wieniawa; 6) embedding names of the saints into the name of the brotherhood – it was a common practice in the medieval period, for instance Chorągiew Świętego Jerzego. All the above-mentioned stylistic devices, similar to the use of other historical re-enactment elements, such as historical outfit, armour, or the camp gear, are employed to facilitate imitating knights. The names of the re-enactment groups are prominent symbols of the groups who assume those names. A proper structure of the name presents the brotherhood as a professional historical re-enactment group.
Nazwy pokojów zagadek jako element gier językowych między nadawcą a odbiorcą tekstu reklamowego
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Drążek, Beata
Escape rooms are a new form of a pastime. In Poland they have become growingly popular. Escape rooms originate from the USA and are dated back to the 1990s. The task of the game participants is to get out of the room in which they have been locked. In order to leave the room the participants must solve a series of previously prepared puzzles or riddles. The presence of onomastic games in language communication derives from the ludic, emotional, and semantic aspect, and the result is the acceptance of a name within a certain circle, paying attention to the object and its use for a specific purpose – attracting the largest possible number of customers, getting the recipients interested in the offer. Wittgenstein proposed a list of language game, which is still open. It seems that (semantic and structural) creation, functioning, and purposefulness of using many of the discussed chrematonyms may be viewed from the aspect of at least some of the games listed by him, just to mention the solving of riddles, speculating or joking. The interest in a name (and in consequence in an object) and the proper interpretation of the contents provided do not differ from guessing, presuming, reading the hidden information, expectations and meanings related to an object, to which the name has been assigned.
Norma językowa w świadomości studentów poznańskiej polonistyki
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Piotrowicz, Anna; Witaszek-Samborska, Małgorzata
The authors try to answer two questions: 1. How the Polish philology students understand the concept of linguistic norm? and 2. When, according to those students, people should follow it? The article presents the results of the survey conducted among 200 respondents. It turns out that the students understand the concept of norm well, usually as a set of rulles, which are established by linguists or/and accepted by society. They also think that the respect of rules takes effect in varying degrees in different communication situations.
Normalizacja terminologii chemicznej w pierwszej połowie XX wieku
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Kuśnierek, Izabela
Though the development of chemical terminology is mainly associated with the 19th century, the first names of elements can be found in the work by Michał Sędziwoj that dates back to the end of the 16th century. An important role in the formation of specialized nomenclature was played by the conflict between chemists – Jędrzej Śniadecki and Aleksander Chodkiewicz, which emphasized the need and significance to create Polish counterparts of the terminology. This resulted in the proposition of numerous changes, the formation of many different rules of creating the names of elements and compounds. At the turn of the 20th century, the situation led to the creation of two separate naming paradigms, associated with the research centres in Cracow and Warsaw. There were attempts to create a nation-wide chemical nomenclature, which eventually occurred in the first years of the 20th century. The article describes the differences in names created at Cracow and Warsaw facilities, the most important reforms proposed by Warsaw chemists and the final considerations made by the Academy of Learning. The main focus is on the creation of element names originating from Latin nomenclature (the use and deletion of the -um suffix), the rules surrounding the transfer of names from international terminology (e.g. the mol name, the prefixes such as bi-, di-, tri-) and the names of selected chemical compounds.
Pochwała antologii – gatunek i okaz. Recenzja tomu zbiorowego „Język w prasie. Antologia” pod redakcją Małgorzaty Kity i Iwony Loewe, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice 2019, 268 ss., ISBN wersji drukowanej: 978-83-226- 3352, wersja elektroniczna: 978-83-226-3353-3 (w sprzedaży od 2019 r.)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Filip, Grażyna
Portret onomastyczny Stefana Reczka
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Czopek-Kopciuch, Barbara
The subject of the article is the presentation of an onomastic portrait of Stefan Reczek. It discusses the history of the appearance of names Szczepan i Stefan, in Polish, from Greek Στεφανος, and the process of their differentiation. It also presents the variable popularity and geography of both names from the 1950s to 2010. Both names also became the basis for surnames and geographical names, whose attendance and geography is presented in the article. The etymology, after Józef Reczek, of the surname Reczek is also mentioned. The paper shows its geographical distribution and word formation potency in geographical names. In the second part of the article, Stefan Reczek is presented as an onomastician. From numerous onomastic publications, Stefan Reczek emerges as a forerunner of literary onomastics and chrematonimy, an astute observer of new phenomena concerning onyms, an etymologist, onomastician who is perfectly aware of the place of names in language and their graphic and morphological separateness.
Profesor Stefan Reczek (28 sierpnia 1923 – 31 marca 1993)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Ożóg, Kazimierz
Stare i nowe w mikrotoponimii
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Jelonek, Tomasz
The main purpose of this article is the attempt of presenting chronological old-new opposition of the microtoponyms (geographical names). The inquiring sight, collected from 2011 to 2018 during informal utterances of the oldest and the middle generation of inhabitants of the area of Wręczyca Wielka, contains the names of different physiographic objects’, e. g. fields, meadows, forests, paths. The analysis contains also justifications of the microtoponyms. The linguistic material was collected in the area near Kłobuck in the north of Silesian Province. The language of inhabitants of this region belongs to Malopolska dialect. The author inquires the problem on the strength of analysis the groups of microtoponyms: 1) names with old and new lexems, 2) terms of physiographic objects’ connected with the former and contemporary village image, 3) geographical names with illegible semantic motivation, 4) microtoponyms with -isko and -owizna suffixes. On the strength of analysis, the author claims that microtoponyms include two aspects of old and new. To the oldest inhabitants old is connected with the former image of community and it is conceived in a positive way. New changes the structure of village and it is not completely accepted by the oldest generation but it is accepted by the youngest inhabitants.
Słowo od Redakcji
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Ożóg, Kazimierz
Wiejskie dziecko w języku i kulturze
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Jasiczek, Marta
The purpose of the article is representation of linguo-cultural view of child in of the Lasowiaks’ and Rzeszowiaks’ culture. The basis of the research are selected monographic works of Aleksander Saloni, Oskar Kolberg and Franciszek Kotula. In the reconstruction of the linguistic and cultural image of the child was applied the cognitive method by Jerzy Bartmiński. The analysis shows categories separated on the basis of the collected material. In each category (for example: appearance, features, attributes and actions) have been distinguished subcategories. The analysis presents which attributes creating the prototypical representation of a child in folklore. The analysis let us deduct that in a folk image: a child was the God’s gift; unlike the parents, a child is particular sensitive to an illness or the magic activities; the background of the child defines its status and future (child conceived in marriage had a better futurity); the negative features are those that dominate in the case of a child (for example: crying, sick, hungry, immature). The article indicates a part of a wide specter of my research from my master thesis which is entitled: The Lingustic Representation of family in the folklore of the Lasowiaks and Rzeszowiaks.
Współczesna polszczyzna w oczach jej użytkowników
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Taras, Bożena
Mother tongue is the most perfect tool for mutual understanding. Conscious of its value, the users not only benefit from the wealth of its forms, but also care about its development. The article presents the results of surveys on the perception of the contemporary Polish language. A negative image of the Polish language emerges from the analyzed material; 67% of the respondents value it negatively. The remaining respondents either evaluate contemporary Polish positively (22% of respondents) or see its systemic, stylistic and functional heterogeneity (11% of respondents). Different attitudes towards language processes and their relationships with the language behavior of contemporary Polish speakers testify to the linguistic awareness of the subjects; understanding the role and beauty of native speech gives hope for its intergenerational continuity.
Współczesne akty nominacyjne w środowiskach wiejskich – ciągłość i zmiana
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Ziajka, Beata
The objective of the article is discussing nomination acts as a result of which unofficial anthroponyms are constituted: nicknames and by-names. Material exemplification consists of the names that function in seven villages located in the commune of Babice, in the Chrzanów district. Nicknames and by-names are still a living element of villagers’ linguistic behaviours, so they preserve the lexis that belongs to the active language resource of village inhabitants. What unofficial anthroponyms are made of is, therefore, a kind of carrier of information about name trends valid in a given environment. Contemporary nomination acts, as a result of which unofficial anthroponyms are created, reflect the evolution of naming motivations, and, on the other hand, they prove certain linguistic and cultural continuity. The analysis that was carried out shows the direction of linguistic and mental changes taking place when the traditional folk worldview meets the global culture. Villagers are trying to adjust their verbal behaviours to the new reality, but in emotional situations they like to refer to their local dialect – mainly as for expressive vocabulary which seems to be more adequate to express disapproval of actions that threaten the rural existence. Despite the new trends that become more and more visible in the villagers’ lifestyle, rural community still remains a society which is strongly attached to its traditions.
Zapożyczenia niemieckie w śląskim profesjolekcie górniczym przyswojone na gruncie gwarowym
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Rudnicka-Fira, Elżbieta
The subject of research in this study are German borrowings, which constitute the largest (over 46%) share in the Upper Silesian mining sociolect. The German vocabulary on the basis of the Silesian dialect underwent a comprehensive assimilation to the Polish grammatical system, enriching the vocabulary of the studied sociolect. Attention is drawn to the characteristic acquisition to the Silesian phonetic and morphological system. The loans in the field of morphology are accompanied by various word-formation processes – interesting derivatives are derived from borrowings, as well as derivatives motivated by German basics, created using native (often characteristic dialect) formants. Among German loans, there are also inflections on Polish (dialectal) ground – German nouns adapt to native varieties of paradigms. The article also presents characteristic assemblies created on the basis of the Silesian dialect and interesting adaptations of German compositos, which have strongly grown into the dialect of Silesia as translations of German or assimilated as specific hybrids. Borrowings are often accompanied by semantic changes (narrowing, specialization of meanings or their shifting). The analysis of the material in this sketch proves that the Germanisms in the Silesian dialect paradoxically refer to its Polishness, which can be seen in the degree of their adaptation to the Polish (dialectic) pronunciation – the entire grammatical system.

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