Ana­lecta Archa­eolo­gica Res­so­viensia vol. 10 (2015)

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  • Obrazek miniatury
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    Burials with Buckets in Early Medieval Poland: A Pagan or Christian Custom?
    (Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 2015) Kurasiński, Tomasz
    This paper examines the custom of burying the dead with buckets in the context of ideological and religious changes in early medieval Poland. The corpus of sources for this study includes around 350 vessels discovered at over 100 cemeteries. Because Christianization of funerary practices was a multifaceted and long-term process, in which the gradual introduction of Christian motifs led to elimination or adaptation of pagan rites, it is difficult to determine whether a particular object deposited in the grave was regarded as purely “Christian” or “pagan”. This problem also relates to buckets. It seems that buckets were placed in graves as part of the so-called cult of the dead, a practice which was expressed through feasts that involved both the living and the dead. Buckets were filled with liquids and food with the intention to facilitate the journey to the Otherworld and to protect the living against the undesired return of the deceased. Burials with buckets, therefore, may have aroused concerns among the clergy and could have been regarded as practices associated with pagan traditions that deviated considerably from Christian norms and newly introduced funerary customs.
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    Cult and Ritual in Polish Archaeology: Past Research and New Perspectives
    (Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 2015) Gardeła, Leszek; Půlpánová-Reszczyńska, Agnieszka
    This paper provides a brief overview of past and recent studies on the archaeology of cult and ritual in Poland. It discusses some of the most important publications and scholarly initiatives that have been shaping current approaches to various aspects of pre-Christian beliefs and it also attempts to predict future research trajectories.
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    Death, Hair and Memory: Cremation’s Heterogeneity in Early Anglo-Saxon England
    (Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 2015) Williams, Howard
    This article reconsiders and extends the interpretation of the heterogeneity of early Anglo-Saxon (c. AD 425/50–570) cremation practices and their mnemonic and ideological significance. Cremation burials frequently contain grooming implements (combs, tweezers, razors and shears), often unburnt and sometimes fragmented. The addition of these items to graves can be explained as a strategy of ‘catalytic commemoration’ which assisted in choreographing the transformation and selective remembering and forgetting of the dead by the survivors. This article explores new evidence to reveal the varied character and fluctuating intensity of these practices among cremating communities across southern and eastern England during the fifth and sixth centuries AD. The evidence suggests new insights into how and why cremation was selected as an ideology of transformation linking the living and the dead.
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    Drinking Horns in Old Norse Culture: A Tradition Under Examination
    (Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 2015) Hofmann, Anne
    By comparing archaeological finds with literary evidence this article seeks to reconstruct the role of drinking horns during the Viking Age. After an overview of drinking horns as represented in archaeology, several literary texts, predominantly Medieval Icelandic sagas, will be studied to shed further light on how drinking horns were seen and used. Drinking horns were used as a literary motif in these texts, but it can be demonstrated that they can also be linked to the archaeological evidence from the Viking Age, thus improving our understanding of the archaeological record.
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    Face Down: The Phenomenon of Prone Burial in Early Medieval Poland
    (Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 2015) Gardeła, Leszek
    This paper examines the phenomenon of prone burial in early medieval Poland in the period between the 10th and 13th centuries. Among individuals treated this way were mainly adult men, but several examples of prone burials of females have also been discovered. Over the years prone burials from Poland have been interpreted by many archaeologists in the light of so-called ‘antivampire’ practices which were allegedly intended to protect the society against the living dead. By adopting an intercultural perspective, this article seeks to nuance these one-sided views and attempts to demonstrate that prone burials may have held a much wider range of meanings. It is argued that they may have been burials of criminals or various social deviants and that in some instances they could have perhaps signalled a religious and post-mortem act of penance.
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    Old Prussian “Baba” Stones: An Overview of the History of Research and Reception. Pomesanian-Sasinian Case
    (Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 2015) Szczepański, Seweryn
    This article concerns anthropomorphic stone sculptures (so-called Old Prussian “baba” stones) of the two tribal territories of Pre-Teutonic Prussia – Pomesania and Sasinia. Only in the nineteenth century scholars became interested in this phenomenon, although the first information on the functioning and location of “baba” stones may already be found in medieval and early-modern sources. In this paper an attempt is made to examine the role which the stone sculptures may have played among the pagan population of Prussia in the period of Christianization, as well as how they were adapted in the modern folk culture and what interpretations around them appeared in scientific circles. Also in today’s postmodern times the interest in Prussian “babas” is unabated and the sculptures often become an inspiration for artists and a subject of many interpretations.
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    Prone Burials and Modified Teeth at the Viking Age Cemetery of Kopparsvik: The Changing of Social Identities at the Threshold of the Christian Middle Ages
    (Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 2015) Toplak, Matthias S.
    The article is a short summary of the author’s PhD thesis, analysing the late Viking Age cemetery of Kopparsvik on the island of Gotland, Sweden. The cemetery of Kopparsvik has to be seen in close relation to an early emporium as predecessor of present-day Visby, and its evaluation and publication will give new insights into the establishment and function of an early trading community. Furthermore, many burials at Kopparsvik show unusual features – namely, an astonishingly high number of prone burials and tooth modification, that demonstrate the consolidation of new social and religious ideologies at the threshold between the heathen Scandinavian Viking Age and the Christian European Middle Ages.
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    Ritual Roots of Memory (About Things)
    (Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 2015) Karski, Kamil
    The aim of this paper is a presentation of possible interpretations of the ritual of salutatio, as well as function and cultural connotations of ancestral funerary portraits (imagines) in ancient Rome. For this purpose, a number of research theories related to memory studies, hermeneutical analyses and performativity of things are discussed. In light of these theories it is possible to attempt an interpretation of salutatio and imagines as sources for constructing identity and memory of the Roman community.
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    Sacrifices among the Slavs: Between Archeological Evidence and 19th Century Folklore
    (Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 2015) Wenska, Izabella
    This article discusses the subject of sacrifices among the Slavs using textual, archeological and ethnographic evidence. Although it is a well-known fact that there are not many textual sources concerning early medieval Slavic culture and religion, some aspects of their customs and rituals can be reconstructed by referring to folkloristic materials. According to many scholars, Slavic folk culture (especially that of Eastern Slavs) has preserved some traces of pre-Christian practices, but it is important to maintain a careful approach to ethnographic sources and avoid far-reaching interpretations of archeological evidence in their light. In spite of methodological difficulties, by critically combining different categories of sources it seems possible to offer new interpretations of Slavic beliefs.
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    The Dog in Pagan Beliefs of Early Medieval North-Western Slavs
    (Fundacja Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 2015) Kajkowski, Kamil
    Archaeological discoveries of dog teeth and their contexts imply that dogs may have played an important role in the worldviews of North-Western Slavs. Dog remains are found at sites strictly associated with cult practices but also at settlements, and they can be interpreted in various ways. So far discussions of dog remains have been limited in scope and very sporadically scholars have attempted to study them in a broader perspective. The aim of this paper is to look at the finds of dog remains in the area populated by North-Western Slavs in a more holistic way than ever attempted before and with a particular focus on the symbolic meanings that these animals could have had in the past. What was the role of dogs in religious practices? What function did they have in mythology? How were they perceived in pagan beliefs? The present paper will seek to find answers to these questions.