Studia Anglica Resoviensia T. 14 (2017)

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Anisomorphic Humour or Humorous Anisomorphism? A Case of Wordplay in Polish Translations of Shakespeare’s “Love’s Labour’s Lost”
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Krawiec, Magdalena
The prevalence of jocular elements in Shakespeare’s oeuvre does not cease to evoke linguists’ interest. Much as humorousness is viewed universal and ubiquitous, translation technicalities related thereto still seem to pose a challenge for translators. The notion of anisomorphism – inextricably related to rendition and perceived as one of the key constraints affecting translation of wordplay – gathered little attention both at the linguistic and pragmatic level. Therefore, the paper seeks to arrive at a succinct yet comprehensive account of anisomorphic instances. Alongside, the rationale behind the application of particular translation strategies did not go unrecognized. The discussion is predicated upon examples extracted from Shakespeare’s “Love’s Labour’s Lost”.
Dalit Aesthetics: Situating Sharankumar Limbale’s Poetics
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Das, Shruti
In the traditional stratified Indian society Dalit is a class nomenclature now assigned to a group of oppressed, downtrodden people in India. These people have been treated as social outcasts, and their voice has been silenced for centuries. Dalit writing in its formative years has been largely about articulating protest, patriarchy and the demand for space for the Dalit in social, cultural, and political spheres. Over the years activist thinkers like Ambedkar have tried to evolve an ideology supporting the Dalit cause. This has given rise to a body of literature which has engaged itself with this ideology. Towards an Aesthetic of Dalit Literature: History, Controversies and Considerations is Sharankumar Limbale’s magnum opus and his contribution to the literature on Dalit aesthetics. It conveys a poetics that is subversive and resists canonical logic. The canvas offered is experiential in nature, and the language used engages one, being poetic, counter hegemonic and counter brahmanical. Limbale questions the mainstream aestheticians’ doctrines of the age-old concepts of satyam, shivam and sundaram and problematizes the concept of beauty, pleasure and propriety. This brings to mind the problem of meaning and interrelationality exhibited in experiential literature. This article proposes to make the postcolonial reading of Towards an Aesthetic of Dalit Literature positing Indian Society as the repressive monologic power. It seeks to situate Limbale’s poetics in the dynamics of cultural discourse of subalternity.
Frame Based Modelling of Specialist Languages
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Potęga, Paulina
The notion of frame semantics covers a wide range of approaches to the systematic description of meaning in natural languages. In most general terms the notion of frame semantics can be explained as any system of concepts related in such a manner that one term activates and indexes the entire system. Thus, the concept of frame bears an obvious affinity with terminology, which is also based on such a conceptual organisation. However, it needs to be stressed that frame semantics has not only been successfully applied to lexicology and syntax, but also it has been systematically applied to studies in the field of Terminology research. Consequently, such frames offer an opportunity to analyse both the potential semantic and syntactic behaviour of specialist language units. The aim of this study is to propose the possible contribution of frame‐based methodology to the analysis of specialist languages, which facilitate specialised knowledge acquisition. Furthermore, it offers a conceptual basis for the location of sub-hierarchies of concepts within a particular specialised domain event.
Kant’s Categorical Schematization of Perception
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Majka, Wojciech
For Immanuel Kant knowledge is seen to be strictly confined to the senses that find information that is later processed by the cognitive categories of human understanding. Ipso facto, we never see the objective character of things in themselves but only the representations of things in sensation. Morality, as the outstanding feature of human beings, is based on the notion of the good will and the categorical imperative, which urges us to act ethically on account of our collective being in culture.
Lexicalization Patterns in Nominals Derived from Verbs of Creation in Polish
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Paszko, Dorota
Action nominalizations are commonly acknowledged as being semantically ambiguous. Since the publication of Grimshaw’s (1990) seminal monograph research on nominalizations has centered on the verb-like syntactic characteristics of Complex-Event nominals and therefore the area of Result nominals remains understudied. The present article provides an analysis of lexicalization patterns and the Event/Result meaning contrast displayed by the deverbal action nominals derived from creation and re-description verbs in Polish such as kompozycja ‘composition’, konstrukcja ‘construction’ and tłumaczenie ‘translation’. The Polish data are also compared with other European languages. The proposed analysis adopts a Lexicalist approach to the analysis of action nouns (Bloch-Trojnar 2013) and is based on the Generative Lexicon model proposed by Pustejovsky (1995, 2005). The model is useful on account of its detailed representation of event structure (Pustejovsky 1991, 1995), the introduction of the notion of dot-objects – a formal mechanism which allows to account for cases of logical/complementary polysemy and the recognition of the so-called Qualia structure in the semantic representation, which is crucial in explaining the possible paths of lexicalization in action nominalizations, as demonstrated for Italian by Ježek (2008), Melloni (2011) and Ježek and Melloni (2011). A similar line of reasoning is applied to the Polish data.
Metaphorical Euphemistic Expressions of Heaven and Hell in Middle English with Special Reference to the “Canterbury Tales”
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Wawrzyniak, Agnieszka
The paper presents an analysis of various kinds of circuitous metaphorical expressions related to deities and devils in Middle English with special reference to “The Canterbury Tales”. In other words, the subject of the study will be taboo areas and euphemistic expressions that pertained to God, Saints, angels, Heaven, but also to their opposites, namely to devils and Hell. The paper will approach in detail the lexemes from various categories that contributed to the emergence of new, indirect expressions, such as LIGHT, DARKNESS, DARK PLACES, PLACES, ANIMALS, and TITLES. One of the analyzed categories will be the category of LIGHT. The words that will be viewed as the building blocks for the range of euphemisms will be light, bright and fair. The paper will show that the lexemes from the category of LIGHT created euphemisms for the divinity, as well as oxymora for the imminent evil. The euphemistic expressions associated with LIGHT will be also discussed in detail with regard to their metaphorical status. Moreover, the aim of the analytical part will be also to focus on a variety of euphemisms, the detailed cognitive study of the metaphorical concepts that constituted euphemisms, as well as on the beliefs that constituted the foundation for the emergence of such indirect expressions.
On Zoosemy, Foodsemy and Plantosemy: A Cognitive Approach to Selected Terms of Endearment
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Grząśko, Agnieszka
Regardless of time and place people express their emotions in a number of different and – sometimes – strange ways. Endearments originate from our creativity, therefore the number of ways we have of addressing each other in an endearing way seems to be unlimited. We may come across similar or even identical endearments in many languages, but there are a lot of peculiar local- and culture-specific terms. On the one hand, new terms constantly extend the lexicon; on the other, a number of endearments fall into oblivion and become archaisms, because they have undergone the process of meaning amelioration or pejoration. Still, the vast majority of people tend to employ traditional and typical pet names in intimate contexts. In this paper we shall discuss the semantic development of English terms of endearment which are – by and large – employed to woo a partner and we shall focus on the role of the cognitive mechanisms in the changes of their meaning. In particular, we shall concentrate on the importance of such mechanisms as zoosemy, foodsemy and plantosemy.
Political Language and Advertising Language in Relevance Theoretical Framework: A Quest for Differences
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Rut-Kluz, Dorota
The paper looks at two types of Polish data; political speech and TV advertisements, which, having similar aims but rather different status, may possibly use the same means to achieve success. The relevance framework is applied to analyse and compare the mechanisms behind the linguistic effects and looks into particular stages of processing the linguistic input, taking a closer look into the explicature in both the political speech of a TV election campaign and TV advertisements. Particular pragmatic processes are presented (disambiguation, ad hoc concept construction) as well as implicature formation, non-literal talk and covert communication in order to address the question of whether political speech and advertising are similar and, if yes, in what respects and to what extent.
Politically Induced Metonymy in George Orwell’s “Nineteen Eighty-Four”
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Kopczyk, Katarzyna
The following article attempts to analyse the phenomenon of conceptual metonymy occurring in George Orwell’s novel “Nineteen Eighty-Four”. The analysis involves only a few examples of metonymy related to the conceptual domain of POLITICS. The article postulates that politics, in general, evokes negative associations. Thus, one of the objectives is to verify whether in majority of examples, political activity connotes adverse and unfavourable feelings. Moreover some concepts being part of metonymy have been evaluated according to the way in which they are perceived by English speakers. The article comprises two parts. The theoretical part contains a brief outline of Cognitive Linguistics and metonymy, as well as a short description of political reality in “Nineteen Eighty-Four”, which is essential to understand the context of analysed linguistic expressions. The second part involves the analysis proper of the material gathered. Four metonymies describing relations between people and the world in which they live have been formulated and examined.
Seamus Heaney and the Goddess
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Panecka, Ewa
The essay seeks to establish the affiliation of Seamus Heaney to ancient bardic tradition. A close analysis of chosen poems sheds light on Heaney’s approach to interpreting poetry as religious invocation of the White Goddess, presented in Graves’s famous study of poetic myth. Heaney looks for manifestations of the Goddess, who represents natural law and love of instinct and organic life, desacralized by a pragmatic, skeptical, moralizing spirit of the Age of Reason. As well as identifying how the natural and the poetic come together in Heaney’s mythopoeia, the essay examines the impact of the British bardic tradition on the poet’s vision of human condition which depicts modern man in search of his soul.
Sources of Ambiguity in Language
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Kadłub, Magdalena
The English language can lead to many ambiguous utterances. A mere word or a phrase may, in its relationship to other words or phrases, force a reader or listener to attempt to construe its meaning in more than one way. It is frequent that a sentence on its own can be vague, but it can become disambiguated within a certain frame of reference. The focus of this paper are sentences or phrases which are difficult to understand because of incorrect or imprecise possessive determiners. Such sentences are often the source of voluntary or involuntary humour. As long as the humour is intended, the ambiguity is acceptable and even encouraged. On the other hand, when the main purpose is to convey information the point of the sentence should be as straightforward as possible. Bearing this in mind, I will attempt to resolve the problem by finding as many interpretations as possible and correcting the sentences, so that it leaves the reader with only one clear meaning.
The Author’s Pale and Glaring Head on a Platter: The Intricacies of the Concept of Untranslatability
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Barciński, Łukasz
The article deals with the issue of untranslatability, a concept frequently re-emerging in the translation discourse. It seems that in many cases the possible search for the equivalence between the source language and the target language does not consist in a binary choice between the possibility and impossibility of performing a translation, but can be better described as a cline of translatability or the latent potential for linguistic transposition. In view of the inherent anisomorphism between linguistic codes i.e. the fact that there are no exact correspondences between words in different languages, it is important to cast off the misleading illusion of linguistic symmetry for the purpose of translation theory and practice. In other words, it seems essential to perceive the translation process in terms of the reincarnation metaphor rather than the transfer metaphor which presupposes the notion of absolute translatability. The article includes also an attempt at a categorisation of types of translation from the epistemological or phenomenological point of view.
‘To Teach or Not to Teach’: Reasons Motivating Students to Embark upon the Teaching Path
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Turzańska, Agnieszka; Szymańska-Tworek, Aleksandra
The paper presents and analyses factors motivating pre-service teachers to choose to teach. The reasons motivating students to enter the teaching profession are attested to be 'positive, altruistic and professionally sound' (Barnes 2005:349). Ewing and Smith (2003:22) state that young people are attracted to the profession because they perceive teaching as a satisfying career that offers opportunity for professional development, want to help others and contribute to society or wish to work with children. Taking Poland as a case in point, a large-scale study by Duraj-Nowakowa (2011:129) identified three main factors that motivate students to become teachers: fascination with the subject, eagerness to work with children and social status of the profession. This paper presents and discusses our own findings obtained through a questionnaire administered among philology students concerning their reasons for choosing the teaching career. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into why students majoring in English decide to embark upon the teaching path. What is more, the study reports upon factors deterring students from pursuing the teaching career and driving new recruits away from this path.
To the Wilderness and Back: A Transformative Journey in Jack Kerouac’s Novels
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Stopel, Bartosz
As with virtually all writers of the Beat Generation, the attitude of the literary-critical establishment towards Jack Kerouac’s works has been turbulent. Dubbed “a Neanderthal with a typewriter,” and having his oeuvre panned (most notably by Harold Bloom) as having “no literary value whatsoever” or dismissed for moral reasons, Kerouac seems to have little to offer contemporary audiences and scholars being categorized as quasi-picaresque epigone of the romantic tradition, celebrating immature dropout attitude and a life of excess mingled with a shallow understanding of Eastern religions. Whereas I concur with the claim that Kerouac’s works do display some deficiencies of style, my essay argues for a more constructive reading of the motive of journey explored in his central novels (particularly in On the Road, Dharma Bums and Visions of Cody), as I would like to overview some striking similarities between the experiences of Kerouac’s characters and the primal, ritualistic traverses of shaman-like figures in early cultures. On such a reading (inspired chiefly by Mircea Eliade and Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey), Kerouac’s hero’s journeys appear to be taking place both at the physical, spiritual and psychic level and are attempts at self-healing, pacifying, maturation and reconciliation with society. They are not then, straightforward rejection and escape, but a temporary, painful strategy, whose final aim is to return to society as a transformed individual, though as the development of the journey motif across his oeuvre demonstrates, this attempt at transformation and reconciliation need not be entirely successful.

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