Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy z. 79(3)/2024

URI dla tej Kolekcjihttps://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/11109

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Erich Fromm’s moral antonyms
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2024-09) Kietliński, Krzysztof
When interpreting reality, Erich Fromm used innovative words that were, at the same time, completely opposite in meaning, giving the chosen terms an antonymic quality. Moral antonyms include combinations such as authoritarian-humanistic religion, authoritarian-humanistic conscience, priests-prophets, man-wolf-sheep, authoritarian-heteronymous obedience, idolatry-faith, way of being, needs-desires, destructive-constructive needs, alienation-productivity, decay-growth syndrome and necrophilia-biophilia. By employing terms that serve as semantic counterweights, Fromm described the moral situation of both individuals and society.
Experiences and challenges of cooperation in functional urban areas of voivodeship centres in Poland
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2024-09) Busłowska, Anna
Functional urban areas (FUA) are an important stakeholder in urban policy. They were constituted in the institutionalised form of the so-called “ITI unions” (associations or local government agreements) in the 2014–2020 EU perspective, as the main entities for the implementation of the cohesion policy instrument – integrated territorial investments (ITI). Monitoring the role, various aspects and challenges of cooperation is important from the viewpoint of the success of an effective FUA development policy. Research in the literature on cooperation in FUA focuses mainly on aspects of cooperation between local governments, with less analysis of the role of the ITI union offices themselves in this process. Taking the above into account, the aim of this work is to assess the cooperation and its main problems and challenges from the perspective of the ITI union offices. Therefore, from September 8–22, 2023, a survey using the CAWI technique was carried out in 18 FUAs of voivodeship capitals in Poland. Feedback forms were sent by 67% of the respondents (12 unions). The results obtained mostly indicate good and very good assessments of the cooperation conducted by ITI union offices with various stakeholders and in different areas. The basic cooperation partners here, of course, remain FUA local governments, but also other ITI union offices in Poland. Cooperation is still focused mainly on aspects related to the implementation of the FUA development strategy (primarily the ITI instrument). The survey showed that ITI unions generally strive to build positive relationships with other stakeholders, which may provide potential for FUA development in the future.
Impact of regulation on investment crowdfunding
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2024-09) Pohulak-Żołędowska, Elżbieta; Wójcik-Czerniawska, Agnieszka
This article focuses on the regulation of investment crowdfunding as a key criterion for the dynamic but safe development of this form of business financing. The aim of this article is to analyse the existing regulatory framework in developed market economies, such as the UK and the US, which are the leaders in the alternative finance market, and to try to assess whether the pan-European equity crowdfunding regulations that are being introduced have a chance of enabling the European equity crowdfunding market to emerge. Crowdfunding, and in particular investment crowdfunding, is a relatively new form of alternative financing for business activities, which can and – in its mature form – does provide an important source of funding that ‘fills the gap’ in early-stage financing for start-ups, innovative projects and is also a source of financing for SMEs. The intensive, uncontrolled development of innovation in financial markets generally leads to irregularities (fraud, abuse, and crises). In turn, excessive and restrictive regulation can act as a brake on the development of financial innovation. Until 2023, crowdfunding in EU countries will be regulated only by national laws, most of which are not specific to this form of financing. The fragmentation of the European market and the inconsistency of regulations have led to a slowdown in the development of this form of financing, resulting in a loss of development potential for companies and entire economies. The authors present the equity crowdfunding regulations of the US and the UK – the world’s number 1 and 2 crowdfunding markets – as a benchmark for the proposed pan-European regulations. The features of the common European rules seem to meet the requirements. And the increase of the funding amount to EUR 5 million opens up completely new possibilities for equity crowdfunding.
Investigation of the efficiency of the Azerbaijan banking system with Data Envelopment Analysis (2015–2019)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2024-09) Pitera, Rafał; Baghirov, Alig
The primary objective of this research was to assess the efficiency of banks within the Azerbaijani banking system, identifying and comparing both efficient and inefficient banks. To this end, the efficiency of 25 banks operating in Azerbaijan from 2015 to 2019 was analysed using input-oriented CCR, BCC and Super Efficiency models. The results provide insights into the efficiency levels of the banks and highlight the distinctions between efficient and inefficient institutions. Furthermore, recommendations for improving inefficient banks were developed, with the expectation that these suggestions could enhance the effective use of resources within the banking system. The study estimates a significant increase in banking system efficiency over the years, and this improvement is believed to reflect the positive impact of reform and enhancement efforts.
Is the development of the eastern part of Poland at risk? The role of universities in the absorption of human capital
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2024-09) Waligóra, Kamil
The aim of the article was to determine the role of universities in “attracting” human capital to selected geographical areas, as well as to indicate recommendations in the area of university marketing. Assuming that the most important factor in the sustainability of socio-economic development is human capital, it was concluded that the development of Polish regions will depend on the ability of universities to acquire human capital both from within a given voivodeship, and the ability to compete with other academic units for secondary school graduates in the country. The need for competition results directly from demographic changes, which lead to a reduction in the rate of population growth in regions. Spatially, on a theoretical basis, the studied entities will be the capitals of the voivodeships of eastern Poland, i.e. Olsztyn, Białystok, Lublin, Rzeszów. Due to their location, peripherality compared to the EU and Poland, and the level of socio-economic development, they are model examples of areas subject to the loss of human capital. During the work, a review of Polish and foreign-language literature was used to verify the assumption about the essence of higher education among the endogenous factors of regional development. Then, based on statistical studies, including: The Central Statistical Office and the relevant Ministries, the author compared research entities and the local government units in which they are located. Surveys and interviews allowed for the assessment of young people's mobility. It was found that universities play a key role in the absorption of human capital with a relatively high tendency to migrate. Additionally, recommendations were prepared regarding the scope of university promotion to meet the expectations of high school graduates as much as possible.
Poverty in Ukraine due to Russian military aggression
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2024-09) Cherevko, Heorhiy
The purpose of this study was to establish the real level of poverty in Ukraine and to determine its meaning and factors of its formation in the specific conditions of Russian military aggression in the country and to form a vision of the nearest prospects of its dynamics. The methodology of the conducted research was formed on the basis of a dialectical approach to the study of socioeconomic phenomena in an organic combination with the methods of analysis and synthesis as well as induction and deduction using the method of scientific abstraction and the analytical-descriptive method. The tool for determining the prevalence of poverty and the degree of impoverishment of the population is the poverty line. Two main methods of its definition are used: normative and relative (statistical). It has been established that the war has caused catastrophic damage to the country’s economy and is the main factor in the sharp increase in the poverty level of the population. At the same time, the issue of poverty is not a priority for the population of Ukraine at present. Purely objectively, for a country under the blows of an aggressor who is waging war to destroy it, the poverty rate makes no economic sense; rather, it has political and social significance. The first task is to end the war in an unambiguous version – the absolute victory of Ukraine, which corresponds to the interests of all civilised humanity. The prospects for reducing the level of poverty in Ukraine depend on the duration of the war and the level of destruction of the country’s economy, as well as the quality of development of the country’s economy and its population at a new level. The latter will depend on the degree of inclusiveness of the new economic and political institutions. It is clear that a purely objective condition for the successful operation of the mentioned factors is the economic and political support of Ukraine by partner countries.
The “Sheep Rush” phenomenon and the level of social trust during the financial crisis 2008+, the COVID-19 pandemic and chosen armed attacks in the 21st century
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2024-09) Złoty, Marcin
Economic and pandemic crises, along with military actions, constitute a strong cause-and-effect link between the occurrence of society’s loss of trust in the market environment in the 21st century. The occurrence of unfavourable situations is often related to the “Sheep Rush” phenomenon. The lack of regulations and effective tools to prevent and counteract market turmoil increases the mood of anxiety. Many consumers and investors, in a situation of ignorance and chaos, begin to imitate emerging market trends. In times of crisis, many citizens begin to buy gold, which increases in value with high demand, highlighting the scale of the unfavourable situation. The gold market responds to social unrest related to various types of crises. In this case, the appreciation of gold is sudden and the price trend is not short-term. The occurrence of a negative price on the crude oil futures market during the COVID-19 epidemic in May 2020 or the exceeding of the maximum historical limit of $2,100/ounce of gold in December 2023 illustrates the extremes of herd behaviour, which is based on panic. In turn, the inappropriate monetary policy of the United States based on a low interest rate in 2006 caused a global financial meltdown and continues to exert strong inflationary pressure on the property market around the world, including in Poland. The description of macroeconomic events in the 21st century well illustrates how important it is for market entities to trust each other and the market, as well as to make reasonable decisions. Otherwise, we usually deal with a market collapse and a domino effect. The sheep rush process is vital from the point of view of social and economic inequalities due to the impact of such behaviour on the prices of analysed goods and the level of international trust.
The impact of agriculture in Visegrad countries on CO2 emissions using the FMOLS and DOLS methods in an empirical panel data study
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2024-09) Suproń, Błażej
The primary aspiration of this paper is to learn about the effects of agricultural energy consumption, agriculture value added, agricultural land and fertiliser consumption on environmental pollution in Visegrad countries. The research employs panel data from long-run models FMOLS and DOLS, covering the period from 1995 to 2020. The study suggests that there is a positive and statistically significant correlation between CO2 emissions from agriculture in Central and Eastern European countries, and factors such as higher energy consumption, increased value from agricultural production, greater fertiliser consumption, and larger arable land areas. The FMOLS and DOLS models’ long-term coefficients suggest that energy consumption in agriculture and crop area are the main factors contributing to the increase in CO2 emissions from agriculture in the studied countries. The study recommends a sustainable energy transformation of agriculture by limiting the use of fossil fuels in agricultural production and reducing share of arable land.

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