Przeglądanie według Temat "natural gas"

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Inicjatywa pasa i szlaku jako instrument wzmocnienia bezpieczeństwa energetycznego ChRL
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Świetnicki, Łukasz
The rapid growth of the Chinese economy that started in December 1978 resulted in the equally fast growth of energy consumption. As a result of this process China became the biggest producer and consumer of energy in the world. However, since 1991 the level of energy production fell behind the level of energy consumption; consequently, China became a net importer of energy. The disproportion between production and consumption grew significantly bigger over time, becoming a threat to further economic development. China became more and more dependent on external factors, such as the so-called Malacca Dilemma. Now, more than ever before, China needs to work on finding a way to ensure its energy security. It needs to focus its action on diversifying both its energy structure and sources of energy imports. This paper aims to examine how the Belt and Road Initiative, announced in 2013, can strengthen Chinese energy security. For this purpose, the author will present three selected cases related to Belt and Road Initiative: the issue of resolving the Mallaca Dilemma, the promotion of green technology, and the promotion of development of Chinese Western Regions, which in turn might result in further increases in the level of energy consumption.
Methane emissions from elements of gas distribution networks and the energy security of EU countries in time of gas wars
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2023-03) Narloch, Piotr; Skrzyński, Tomasz
The scale of methane emissions from gas distribution systems has serious consequences for energy security, ensuring the security of natural gas transmission and reducing gas losses in transport. That is why it is important to determine the scale of such emissions from individual elements of the infrastructure. It has been confirmed that such emissions have a significant effect on the military security of EU co untries. The emission factor (EF) is affected by many other causes. The best method of calculating the EF is one that takes into account the most variables. A theoretical method of determining the EF has been developed, taking into consideration the age of the equipment as well as pressure, temperature and speed. When comparing the methods in the literature to date, one has to bear in mind that none of them describes the variables that affect the magnitude of the EF. To map an actual emission, it is crucial to have data that describe the gas infrastructure component under analysis, along with the most precise information available to characterise the operating conditions.
Model wspólnego systemu bezpieczeństwa dostaw gazu ziemnego w Unii Europejskiej. Postulaty de lege ferenda
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2014) Zajdler, Robert; Gałczyński, Marcin
Historically, different market conditions of member states of the European Union led to the situation in which the security of supply was within the responsibility of EU members. The 2009 gas crisis resulted in the integration of national polices in this regard through the creation of a framework of common EU mechanisms in case of crisis. Regulation 994/2010 has only partly moved towards this aim. It indicated which elements of the system influence the security of supply. Additional regulatory measures should focus on further enhancement of some of the existing measures and enclose new parameters to the assessment of security level. The new model should be more focused on the wholesale market and the market assessment of security. The purpose of this article is to diagnose market and legal conditions of security of supply in Poland and in the EU, and to propose a common new approach to security of supply and relevant actions in case of gas crisis in the European Union.
Rola krajowej infrastruktury gazowej w kształtowaniu współczesnego bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Polski
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2020) Mróz, Maciej
The article discusses the impact of the gas infrastructure on the current energy security of Poland. In this context, the subject of the analysis is the natural gas as a low-emission intermediate fuel and the elements of the Polish gas infrastructure responsible for Poland's energy security. The main goal of the article is to try to answer the question: how to form Poland's current and future energy security in the field of gas infrastructure? The whole analysis has been conducted from the national and regional perspective.
Światowe zużycie energii pierwotnej oraz zapotrzebowanie na nią w przyszłości
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Olkuski, Tadeusz
In the developing world, the demand for energy is constantly growing. Most scenarios of economic development in the world predict an increase in demand for fuels and energy. For example, in the New Policy Scenario developed by the International Energy Agency, an increase in the share of natural gas and renewable energy in primary energy demand is assumed. Not only highly developed countries expect an increased demand in this area, also developing countries, mainly from Asia, will need more fuels and energy in the future. The main development engines will be China and India. It is these countries that will need the most raw materials and energy. Poland is also planning further economic development, but the continued lack of energy policy does not allow for the accurate assessment of future needs in this area.
Współpraca gazowa Federacji Rosyjskiej z Rzeczpospolitą Polską
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Brodacki, Dominik
The article constitutes an analysis of the gas relationship between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Poland in terms of the current geopolitical and economic determinants affecting the nature of the bilateral cooperation in the scope of energy policy. The paper shows the existence of a dependence, as well as the characteristics of the natural gas sector and energy policy of the Russian Federation in relation to Poland and also answers the question about the reason for such actions as are taken. The aim of the work is also the analysis of the natural gas sector of the Republic of Poland and internal conditions in Poland, which influence the foreign policy of Russia in the export of natural gas.
Zastrzeżenia do decyzji Komisji Europejskiej z 28 października 2016 roku w sprawie zmiany zwolnienia dla gazociągu OPAL (sprawa C(2016)6950 final)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Zajdler, Robert
The investment process in gas infrastructure is often burdened with high investment costs and the risks associated with ensuring its viability. In order to achieve the public objective of security and stability of supply and competition in the natural gas market, while limiting the investment risk on the investor side of the new gas infrastructure, regulations have been introduced to allow the investor not to apply the legal requirements set out in Article 22 of Directive 2003/55/EC (amended by Article 36 of Directive 2009/73/EC) for a specified period of time and after fulfilment of the indicated requirements. The exemption granted by the European Commission to the OPAL gas pipeline by the decision of 28 October 2016 raises doubts as to the legal basis of such exemption and the fulfilment of the substantive conditions governing its granting. The article analyses the decision by criticizing the grounds and merits of its adoption.
Znaczenie terminali LNG na wspólnym rynku energii UE
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2014) Ruszel, Mariusz
The new geopolitical challenges increase the need to do more to strengthen energy security in Europe. For this reason, the EU implements the principles of competition and liberalisation of the natural gas market in order to create an internal energy market as well as build and modernise the gas infrastructure. The question arises, what role will LNG terminals have in the EU internal energy market. The overall aim of this article, based on politological analysis, is to answer following questions: to what extent LNG terminals contribute to the integration and the fragmentation of the internal energy market? Is the location of LNG terminals affects the development of the centres of natural gas distribution in different parts of Europe? What factors can strengthen the potential of LNG terminals in Europe?
Zużycie gazu ziemnego w podziale na województwa
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2018) Cieślik, Tomasz; Górowska, Kamila; Metelska, Klaudia; Szurlej, Adam
Z roku na rok obserwuje się wzrost znaczenia gazu ziemnego jako kluczowego paliwa w światowym bilansie energii. Również w Polsce w ostatnich latach systematycznie rośnie udział gazu w bilansie energii. Konieczność dywersyfikacji źródeł dostaw energii, a także ekologiczne walory gazu ziemnego spowodowały zainteresowanie się paliwami gazowymi. Największym odbiorcą błękitnego paliwa w Polsce jest przemysł, który stanowi ok. 50% całkowitego wykorzystania gazu, zaś odbiorcy komunalni stanowią ok. 38% całkowitego zużycia gazu. W artykule przedstawiono istotne czynniki wpływające na zużycie gazu: wpływ uwarunkowań społecznych oraz wpływ poziomu rozwoju infrastruktury w podziale na województwa. Zaobserwowano, iż bezrobocie wpływa na wielkość zużywanego gazu w danym województwie. Można założyć, w świetle przedstawionych danych, że ze wzrostem bezrobocia maleje zużycie gazu. Dodatkowo długość sieci gazowej jest ściśle powiązana ze zużyciem i liczą odbiorców. W tym celu rozbudowuje się sieć, która ma służyć rozprowadzeniu gazu dostarczonego do terminala LNG w Świnoujściu. Przedstawiono zróżnicowane zużycie gazu pomiędzy odbiorcami w mieście oraz na wsi, jak również zauważono znaczne różnice w wykorzystaniu gazu ziemnego. Największy wpływ na zużycie gazu ma temperatura, co potwierdza fakt wykorzystywania gazu przede wszystkim do ogrzewania gospodarstw domowych.