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Aesthetic and architectonic paradigms in Vienna church architecture at the turn of the 20 th century
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2014-12) Scheidl, Inge
Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg monarchy and the seat of its rulers, in the 19 th century became a metropolis, and the rocketing city population necessitated the building of many new churches. One of the most important practical and theoretical problems was the “appropriate” style to be used in those constructions. The result of the debates conducted at the time was accepting the validity of the mediaeval styles, especially Gothic, considered to be the “ideal” language of church architecture. Forms borrowed from more recent epochs in art and architecture were noticeably less popular (in the theory of church building they were practically unanimously rejected). Reception of early modernism was also limited. Despite the supremacy of Neo-Gothic and the Neo-Romanesque style, Vienna churches of the turn of the 20 th century are characterized by great variety, which reflects the dilemmas of their creators.
Józef Mehoffer’s competition design for the polychrome decoration of the Franciscan Church in Kraków, 1894. An attempt to reconstruct the artist’s decorative concept
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2022-12) Studziżba-Kubalska, Beata
Józef Mehoffer’s competition design for the painting decoration of the Franciscan Church in Kraków in 1894 has not yet been found. This article is an attempt to reconstruct the artist’s decorative concept on the basis of the surviving sketches for the project, as well as notes drawn and written in a sketchbook from 1893–1894. The artist, who was in Paris in February 1894, heard about the competition from Tadeusz Stryjeński. The project he sent to the jury in May 1894 did not meet the formal requirements; it was too sketch-like and unpolished and was not accepted. Mehoffer began work on it with detailed studies of sources and iconography, documented by his drawings and notes in his sketchbook. These bear witness to his technical dependence on Jan Matejko and the painters of the historicist school. The artist’s meticulous approach in this respect was perhaps one of the reasons why the project was not completed within the three-month deadline set by the jury. A stylistic analysis of Mehoffer’s sketches for the decoration of the Franciscan Church leads to the conclusion that they were created under the influence of Matejko’s polychrome decoration of the presbytery of St Mary’s Church in Kraków, as well as other sacral decoration of the second half of the 19 th century, associated with the current of academic historicism – an important model for the Polish artist was undoubtedly the polychrome decoration of the chapels of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris – by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc and Maurice Ouradou. Mehoffer owed much of his inspiration for the iconography of his design, in which the dominant motifs were depictions of 13 th -century Polish saints, nuns, female rulers and Piast princes, to Matejko’s work, "The Defeat of Legnica – The Rebirth of Poland. 1241", 1888. The overall vision for the decoration of the Franciscan Church, which he did not include in the competition design but described in his notes, went beyond historicism. It demonstrates the artist’s sensitivity to the new trends in art at the turn of the 20 th century, and the fact that he was already aware of the profound changes taking place in the style of monumental painting and in the perception of its function.
Stylistics of Lviv religious monumental painting in the late 19th and early 20th century
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2023-12) Biriulow, Jurij
This article is an attempt to analyse the stylistic changes in Lviv's religious monumental painting between 1890 and 1914. The best religious buildings of the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria are characterised by an intense interaction of spatial arts. Lviv painters demonstrated their ability to solve a complex artistic problem - the creation of an architectural-painting ensemble. Their decorative works were characterised by an organic connection with the tectonics and function of the buildings. Decorating the interiors of large sacred buildings with the means of mural painting concretised their purpose. Lviv’s monumental painting, often associated with sacred architecture, was caught up in the patterns of academism of the time. In competition with Academism and Historicism, Art Nouveau in the works of Stanislaw Debicki, Kazimierz Sichulski, Marian Olszewski, Modest Sosenko and other artists, along with the Neo-Byzantine school of Mykhailo Boychuk, soon began to assume the function of the avant-garde.