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Pozycja Kant’s Categorical Schematization of Perception(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2017) Majka, WojciechFor Immanuel Kant knowledge is seen to be strictly confined to the senses that find information that is later processed by the cognitive categories of human understanding. Ipso facto, we never see the objective character of things in themselves but only the representations of things in sensation. Morality, as the outstanding feature of human beings, is based on the notion of the good will and the categorical imperative, which urges us to act ethically on account of our collective being in culture.Pozycja Tourism. Retrotopian Time-Travel (part one)(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Pezda, JanThe study historicizes the phenomenon of the tourism as a purely modern variety of the mobility of which inner morphology began to take form at the turn of the 19th century. First, the study draws on the innovative approach of Hasso Spode, historian of mentality, who has a profound influence over contemporary research of the history of tourism in German historiography. Using his theoretical framing, the study discloses how a travel that, from the late 18th century, had a diverse set of motives, experiences, ideas and practices, started to be cemented by a psychomental foundation: the tourist gaze. Then, the study interprets tourism as the product of spatialization of time and temporalization of space. Finally, the article, using Zygmunt Bauman´s theoretical conception of “retrotopia“, clips today´s form of tourism together with its primordial form and leads to the conclusion that tourism as a controversial phenomenon of modern times is endowed with human nostalgia, romance, a never-ending desire for authenticity as well as an eternal obsession with the idea of “progress” encompassing also utopian notions.Pozycja Tourism. Retrotopian Time-Travel (part two)(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2021) Pezda, JanThe study historicizes the phenomenon of tourism as a purely modern variety of the mobility of which inner morphology began taking form at the turn of the 19th centuries. First, the study draws on the innovative approach of Hasso Spode, historian of mentality, who has a profound influence over contemporary research of the history of tourism in German historiography. Using his theoretical framing, the study discloses how travel that, from the late 18th century, had been a diverse set of motives, experiences, ideas and practices, started to be cemented by a psychomental foundation: the tourist gaze. Then, the study interprets tourism as the product of spatialization of time and temporalization of space. Finally, the article, using Zygmunt Bauman´s theoretical conception of “retrotopia”, clips today's form of tourism together with its primordial form and leads to a conclusion that the tourism as a controversial phenomenon of modern times is endowed with human nostalgia, romance, a never-ending desire for authenticity as well as an eternal obsession with the idea of “progress” encompassing also utopian notions.