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Stratyfikacja społeczna ludności prawobrzeżnego leśnostepowego Podnieprza okresu Scytii klasycznej (2. poł. VI–IV/III w. p.n.e.)
(Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie, 2017) Burghardt, Marcin
The article discusses the issue regarding the reconstruction of social structure of the early Scythian populations from the forest-steppe area of the Dnieper river, in the period between the second half of 6th–4th/3rd century BC, on the basis of funeral materials. As a result of the analysis of the most important elements of burial rites implemented by the discussed population groups, and based on records of ancient authors (The Histories by Herodotus), it has been established that the most valuable sources are the size and complexity of the funerary structure and covering embankment as well as quantitative and qualitative diversity of included inventory. The classification developed on the basis of 198 burials, by means of statistical inference methods, has led to the separation of several classes of graves that can be combined with different social strata. These layers included nomadic higher spheres (leaders of local communities, leaders of “military teams” and tribal aristocracy) and elites of local settled tribes, average members of the population divided into its wealthy representatives and the so-called “simple Scythians” and lower layers of (“the poor”) and people with limited rights (domestic slaves?).
Wyznaczniki płci w grobach ludności grup leśnostepowych kultury scytyjskiej
(Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie, 2016) Burghardt, Marcin
In the present article, based on the analysis of 120 burial complexes discovered in the forest-steppe zone of the middle Dnieper basin and the middle Don basin and dated from the second half of the sixth century to the fourth/ third century BC (for which anthropological determinants of sex were available), a series of 21 items was distinguished with the determinants of male or female sex. In addition, based on a comparative analysis taking into account also the burials with determined sex by the researchers based on the grave goods accompanying the dead (110 burials), it demonstrated the legitimacy of functioning in the literature the views on the sex determinants. Analyzing the co-existence of different types of sex determinants in male and female graves, it was found that the former ones are characterized mainly by the presence of sets of weapons combined with the lack of ornaments or spindle whorls (specific to women), mirrors and other toilet items. Moreover, the male sex of the deceased was also marked by means of the presence of blade and blunt weapon, elements of body armour, parts of the horse tack, whips, bronze cauldrons, clamps and straps, flint flakes in the grave. Whereas, as for the graves of women, despite the presence of items related to sewing (needles and spindle whorls) and toilet (mirrors, stone tiles and pieces of dyes), the occurrence of sets of ornaments or some individual types (earrings occurring in pairs, necklaces with gold elements, rings, pins) is also characteristic in their inventories. These items are found in both the graves with weaponry, where there are at least two-element sets, as well as elsewhere. In the last case, female sex may be testified by the present of one determinant of this sex in the grave.
Żelazne akinakesy ze zbiorów Muzeum Narodowego Ziemi Przemyskiej
(Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie, 2023-12) Krzemińska, Magdalena; Burghardt, Marcin
The National Museum of Przemyśl District houses three iron acinaces of unknown origin. The very good state of preservation of all three items allowed for a full formal and typological analysis. It was revealed that all three specimens represent forms that are dated to the 7 th –6 th centuries BC. Although these objects come from unknown contexts, they expand the source base of Scythian military artefacts, making them an excellent source for further detailed morphological and technological analyses of Scythian swords and daggers.