Tematy i Konteksty 1(6) 2011

URI dla tej Kolekcjihttp://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/414

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Obraz Ameryki w opublikowanej korespondencji Czesława Miłosza z lat 1945-1950
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Kołodziejczyk, Ewa
The article reconstructs the portrait of the United States of America depicted in the published correspondence of Czesław Miłosz from the years 1945-1950. The article discusses the circumstances that caused the poet to undertake his job as a diplomat abroad and motivations of his decision. The article analyses also a variety of opinions discussed by environments of both Polish and émigré writers related to that decision. Finally, it marks the changes that occurred in Miłosz’s attitude towards the autobiography he wrote and duties he performed after the war. The article compares the poet’s juvenile visions of the United States with the reality he faced after his arrival to the New World. The article discusses also the culture shock and slow process of acclimatization the poet experienced and treated, on the intellectual level, as a process of rejecting the materialistic perception of American culture in favor of the perception of its symbolic aspects. The article discusses the subsequent stages and elements of the self-education process undertaken by Miłosz through not only extensive reading but also his translations from Englishlanguage literature, literary and sociopolitical journalism discussing American issues but published in Polish magazines and finally – his organizational work for publishing industry and academic institutions. The conclusion of the article presents the poet as a mediator between the Old and the New World he became just before his return to Europe.
Kim jesteśmy? Kim będziemy? Poszukiwanie tożsamości emigracyjnej w "My zdies' emigranty" Manueli Gretkowskiej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Boczkowska, Magdalena
The article analyses a novel "My zdies’ emigranty" by Manuela Gretkowska published in 1992. The main focus falls on the problem of émigré identity which the generation that left Poland in 1988 was forced to face. Gretkowska undertakes an attempt to describe her image of political émigré who leads a peculiarly nomadic life. His main features are lack of a permanent address and unwillingness to put down roots. Gretkowska, the author of "Europejka", depicts a variety of emigrant groups with their different ‘émigré identities’. The first one consists of Polish émigrés who long for their homeland and want to return there. The second group unites those who reject their Polish identity and make a symbolic attempt to ‘flush their Polish passport down the Seine River’. The third group consists of nomads who are always ready to pack up, depart and live wherever they like or anywhere their fate places them. The described by Gretkowska Paris episode can also be found in her latest book entitled "Trans". The final paragraphs of the article mention other novels undertaking the subject of contemporary émigrés as well. Here the main focus falls on "Zapiski szwedzkie" from "Własne miejsca" by Katarzyna Tubylewicz. According to the author of the article, Tubylewicz and Gretkowska describe similar observations of the émigré identity of Poles.
W służbie idei - "Tu jest Polska" Herminii Naglerowej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Wal, Anna
The article discusses the drama by Herminia Naglerowa entitled "Tu jest Polska". The author of the article is concerned with extraordinary circumstances of origin of the text that was written between 1942 and 1943, that is during the ongoing Second World War, soon after the writer left gulag and joined the Women's Auxiliary Service in the army commanded by Gen. Władysław Anders. Although the article proposes an interpretation of the drama mainly as a literary text, additional supportive information used is related to the performance of "Tu jest Polska" by the Drama Theatre of Polish Army in the East. The article stresses biased and propaganda character of the play that results from both political and ideological implications and from the fact that it addressed an audience consisting of soldiers of the Polish II Corps: usually ex-prisoners and former laborers of gulags. The play by Naglerowa can be classified as a representative of the emigration drama mainstream described by Dobrochna Ratajczakowa as ‘servient’. The topics of conspiracy and uprising that can be found in the play are considered a continuation of the tradition of Polish Romanticism in which any fight for independence and civil service receive the top priority. The author of the article focuses her attention on these passages of the play that discuss problems developed also in several further works by Naglerowa and related to the subject matter of war. Among these problems one should mention the motif of heroism contrasted with romantic models as well as the subject of women’s way of experiencing history.
Śląskość w narracji wspomnieniowej Floriana Śmiei
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Filip, Grażyna
The aim of the linguistic analyses provided in the article is to answer the question: to what degree and through which lexical markers the Silesian parentage of Florian Śmieja is reflected in his narrative memoirs. The third volume of "Zbliżenia i kontakty" with the first chapter entitled "Gniazdo" (i.e. hearth), describing Silesian childhood and youth of Śmieja, is considered the subject of the analysis. Link with the place of birth and strength drawn from such relationship is closely related to the sociological concept of little homeland (regionalism) that functions in the field of linguistics as well. The article partially reconstructs the linguistic depiction of “Silesianity” recorded in the idiolect of Florian Śmieja. The term "Silesianity", from the linguistic point of view, is treated as an effect of word formation process that resulted in the abstract specific name derived from the adjective "Silesian". In order to select the examples discussed in the article all the mentioned semantic aspects of the derivative core of "Silesian", understood as "related to the Silesia region, originating in Silesia, typical for Silesia", were taken into consideration. The presented observations use the optimal definition of "linguistic picture of the world". According to the definition, linguistic picture of the world is considered an interpretation of reality, embedded in language but verbalized in a number of variants. Such interpretation can be described via both a set of explicit expressions recorded in language and implied opinions of the world recorded at the level of social knowledge. From this perspective, the image of "Silesianity" in the prose of Florian Śmieja is realized through few essential constituents: 1. geographical names, 2. characters of Silesian people, 3. regional lexical items, 4. Silesian tradition. The "Silesianity" in the memoirs by Florian Śmieja refers to the region marked by towns important for him during his childhood and youth. The excerpt of the language picture of "Silesianity", reconstructed on the basis of "Gniazdo", does not overwhelm its reader with the frequent usage of regional dialect incomprehensible for foreigners. The author is concerned with wide audience and thus implements dialectical lexical features in his narration either in context that provides necessary explanation, or together with commonly known Polish synonyms.
"Merkuriusz Polski - Życie Akademickie" (styczeń 1957 - listopad 1958). Historia pisma
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Moczkodan, Rafał
The aim of this article is to present the history of the magazine “Merkuriusz Polski – Życie Akademickie” with special emphasis put on its publications and the correspondence between its editors and associates. First, as an introductory remark, the author of the article reminds of the fact that „Merkuriusz Polski – Życie Akademickie” is considered the third in turn mutation of the magazine published in London since 1949. At its beginning the magazine was published by the English branch of Polish Students' Association, later on – by the poetical group “Kontynenty” and the Association of Polish Students and Graduates in Great Britain. Second, the article discusses the series of turbulent changes the periodical underwent at the time given, when the magazine of one cover and one title was in fact edited by two separate editorial staffs. According to the author of the article, these changes resulted mostly from the magazine’s financial problems and several divergences in ideas related to the future of the magazine that was to be divided into two periodicals: „Merkuriusz Polski” and „Życie Akademickie”. Third, the attitude of the magazine’s associates towards its former versions, as well as all the program and publishing declarations published at that times in both “Merkuriusz” and “Życie”, are discussed. Internal changes within both editorial staffs, together with their disputes and arguments, are also presented. The author of the article proves that several arguments occurred not only between the quarreled editorial staffs (due to these conflicts the group finally split up and started to publish separate magazines) but also within the staff of “Merkuriusz Polski”. The conclusion of the article discusses also another debate that was published in the London magazine. This time however, the subject matter was related to the existence (or non-existence) of the young generation of émigrés and their poetical group associated under the auspices of „Merkuriusz”. According to the author, this debate has not been of no importance for the further development of the magazine.
"Kontynenty" a Dedecius
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Śmieja, Florian
The monthly periodical „Kontynenty” was a publication of Polish young exiles in London after the Second World War appearing from 1958–1966. In the April 1959 issue of its predecessor called “Nowy Merkuriusz” the appearance in Germany of an anthology of Polish lyric poetry by Karl Dedecius entitled “Lektion der Stille” was announced. Very soon, in June 1959 we published the earliest details of Dedecius’s curriculum vitae and furthermore an interview with the translator having secured his answers to questions written in Polish to questions put to him by Florian Śmieja who collaborated with the anthology. The July–August 1962 number of “Kontynenty” called Dedecius an extraordinary translator as important as Boy. His success with Lec was recognised and translations of his theories of translating were published. Finally, Jan Brzękowski in June 1965 wrote a thorough and comprehensive review of the Polish poets published in Dedecius’s enlarged anthology.
"Z wyrazami prawdziwej przyjaźni" - o strukturze i stylu dedykacji autorskich w księgozbiorze Floriana Śmiei
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Krauz, Maria
The article analyses a number of handwritten dedications addressed to professor Florian Śmieja – a scholar, poet, translator, editor, propagator of Polish culture abroad. All gathered dedications are placed at title pages of books and are the examples of minimalist texts based on relatively fixed compositional pattern. The pattern is determined by the verb "to dedicate": someone dedicates something to someone else. The author of the article carries out the analysis of the set of elements essential for such textual pattern. First, the addressing forms related to both the mode of contact and relations between the recipient of the dedication (endowed person) and its author (donor) are discussed. Next, the intentions expressed in the dedications are pondered as well as numerous stylistical synonyms for the verb "to dedicate" along with the names of the authors of these solemn notes. Finally, the article takes into consideration a variety of alternative and adaptative models, i.e. the particular textual modifications based on reduction of an element, selection of lexical items characterizing the addressee and actualization due to each specific occasion. The author of the article focuses both on conventional constructions (expressions of remembrance and friendship) and longer forms, often poetical or humoristic. According to the author of the article, the style of the dedications and used lexical items serve the purpose of characterizing the person, who succeeded in maintaining good and close relations with other writers in exile. The image of Śmieja that can be drawn from the dedications depicts a trustworthy and respected scholar, regarded and frankly admired, who remains in grateful memories of the many.
Gombrowicz filozoficzny. Czytając "Humanizm performatywny" Alfreda Galla
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Luboń, Arkadiusz
Review: Gall Alfred, "Humanizm performatywny. Polemika z filozofią w praktyce literackiej Witolda Gombrowicza", Universitas, Kraków 2010, pp. 500.
Świadek codzienności - Jerzy Pietrkiewicz
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Andres, Zbigniew
From its very beginning, the writings by Jerzy Pietrkiewicz practically reflected the poetic theory of authentism. Even back in time, when his early poems had not yet been rooted in this nascent trend in poetry, Pietrkiewicz applied the theory by Stanisław Czernik in his works. Later on, the poet began his cooperation with ultra-rightist magazines and as an advocate of authentism he used to refer nationalistic beliefs to this new literary doctrine. Although such attitude did not achieve expected approval of Czernik, the creator of the movement, Pietrkiewicz still remained one of the most active poets gathered around the precursor. As an émigré Pietrkiewicz changed his attitude. Although he was no longer so devoted to the idea of authentism, he still remained a prominent follower and defender of the theory. His attitude had been expressed in many discussions and his literary works, published in both Polish and English versions. Among the most exemplary works one should mention "The Other Side of the Limits of Language" (London, New York, Toronto, 1970). Thus, the poet linked respect for tradition with the acceptance of contemporary experimentalism in writing. As a result, Pietrkiewicz favored such model of modern poetry on condition that it was supported with a variety of means used by the representatives of ages past.
Słowo wstępne
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Pasterska, Jolanta
Artykuł jest wprowadzeniem do 6 numeru „Zeszytów Naukowych Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Seria Filologiczna. Historia Literatury” (ukazującego się zarazem jako 1 numer nowego czasopisma literaturoznawczego „Tematy i Konteksty”) poświęconego niezwykle ważnemu problemowi, wyrażonemu w tytule "Wielka Emigracja – Druga emigracja niepodległościowa – (E)migracja końca XX wieku". Celem prac pomieszczonych w tomie jest próba ukazania wspólnych źródeł, pokrewieństw, przemian, a także podstawowych różnic w rozumieniu emigracji i emigracyjności od wieku XIX aż po początek XXI stulecia. Stąd w publikacji znalazły się zarówno nowe interpretacje utworów znanych pisarzy, jak i odczytania twórczości autorów zapomnianych lub jeszcze nieodkrytych. Po trzech dekadach systematycznego opisywania literatury emigracyjnej XX wieku czas spojrzeć na nią w szerokim kontekście zarówno Wielkiej Emigracji, jak i emigracji niepodległościowej oraz (e)migracji współczesnej. Zamieszczone w „Zeszycie Naukowym” rozprawy i artykuły zostały podzielone na dwie grupy tekstów. W pierwszej znalazły się prace odnoszące się do oryginalnych materiałów źródłowych i oparte na eksploracji archiwów, w drugiej zaś studia i szkice o charakterze interpretacyjnym.
Biografistyka i legendy
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Maciąg, Kazimierz
The text includes a report on the scientific conference "Między biografią, literaturą i legendą" ("Among Biography, Literature, and Legend") which took place from 8-9 April, 2008, at the Institute of Polish Philology of University of Rzeszów.
Ocalić od zapomnienia „małe ojczyzny” i siebie. Sprawozdanie z cyklu spotkań z Profesorem Florianem Śmieją
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Cieślik, Nina
The text includes a report on the series of meetings with Professor Florian Śmieja which took place from 9-11 May, 2011, at the Institute of Polish Philology of University of Rzeszów.
Emigrant wobec polskości. Literackie prowokacje Mariana Pankowskiego
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Pasterska, Jolanta
The basic idea of writings by Marian Pankowski refers to the attitude of rebellious artist: independent author deeply convinced of his own value, writer constantly on search for his most suitable literary form. Literary provocations by Pankowski are treated as the expression of discontent to stereotypical images not only of such concepts as homeland and exile, but also religion and Western civilization. Polemic with history, Romanticism and religion, as well as unrestrained eroticism, are all perceived as an attempt to free the artistic individuality limited by obsolete forms and masks. Demythologization of Polish emigration – through exposing Pankowski’s compatriots who imitate the tradition of romantic post-insurrection émigrés – serves the same purpose. True Polishness is associated by Pankowski with the pattern remembered from his childhood: simplicity unaffected by politics, ideology, artificial pathos and hypocrisy. Opposition to this pattern is described in the images of Polishness abroad, associated with religious and political trashy meetings that commonly made use of symbols such as Black Madonna of Częstochowa and the Great Emigration. Pankowski accepts the role of an outsider alienated from the groups of both artists in Poland and emigres in order to provoke Poles to discuss the subject matter of Polishness itself. However, in his struggle against any examples of hypocrisy Pankowski does not expose the very source of his rebellion and from his extraordinarily vivid and carefully adjusted literary descriptions one cannot draw any moral. As a result, his experimental writings exceed and violate all the boundaries (political, literary, genre, moral) and thus cannot be undisputedly classified. His works have as many enthusiasts as they have adversaries. Undoubtedly, his art meets the basic requirement of aesthetics and does not leave its reader indifferent and unmoved.
Nagroda im. Kościelskich 1962
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Busza, Andrzej
The text is a remembrance account on the author’s being awarded the literary prize of the Kościelscy Foundation in 1962.
Polski teatr na emigracji
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Braun, Kazimierz
A great number of individual Polish actors and small theatre companies are active all over the world; sometimes, a visiting production from Poland excites the émigré audiences strengthening their ties with the mother country. Two key notions help to understand both the ethos and the history of theatre of Polish émigrés: (1) “Citizen’s theatre” is a theatre in which spiritual, human, ethical, patriotic and communal values play the most important role, while aesthetic and utilitarian values are secondary. (2) “Theatre of service”, which is created in order to serve the spectators, to help them to preserve their traditions, support their needs, and express their hopes. The structure of theatre life of Polish émigrés can be visualized as a three-layer pyramid. Its foundation is made of dense and ubiquitous “theatricality of life”, which permeates all areas of life, such as social, familial, religious, political, academic, sport, or commerce. Manifestations of “theatricality” include weddings, anniversaries, parades, jubilees, funerals, liturgies, processions, celebrations of Christmas, Easter, or Corpus Christi, and other events and activities. They use Polish imagery, symbols, costumes and/or songs. “Theatricality” employs theatre’s categories: action, characters, structuring the space and the time of the event, as well as theatre’s means of expression. Above “theatricality” is a deep layer of amateur theatre practiced at schools, parishes and various associations and organizations. Polish amateur productions in the US have been recorded since the 1870s in the cities of especially numerous Polish population such as Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and New York. Polish amateur theatre companies can be found in many countries. The tip of the pyramid consists of the performances given by Polish professionals abroad and tours of Polish productions. Helena Modrzejewska, in America known as Modjeska (1840-1909), after stardom in Kraków and Warsaw arrived in America in 1876, and made a splendid, thirty years lasting career on American stages, performing in English. In the 1880s she was considered the greatest American female stage star. Ryszard Bolesławski (1889-1937) in his youth was an actor and director at Moscow Art Theatre of K. Stanislavsky. When Poland regained its independence (1918), he returned to Warsaw and directed at the Polski Theatre. In 1922, he went to America where he directed and taught acting, first in New York’s theatres and acting studios, and then in the film industry in Hollywood. He is credited for introducing American actors to the realisticpsychological Stanislavsky’s method, with a poetic, typically Polish tint. Polish professional theatre companies were active outside of Poland during World War II in New York (1942–1945) and in London (1942-until present). In 1943, professional theatres were organized at the Polish Armed Forces by Jadwiga Domańska, and at the Polish Division under the Soviet command by Władysław Krasnowiecki. Polish professional productions were also created in Rumania, France, Brazil, British Palestine and elsewhere. After the war, the strongest Polish theatre centre east of Poland (in its borders established at the Jalta conference, 1945) was Teatr Polski established in Lwów in 1958, by actor and director Zbigniew Chrzanowski, while at the West, it was the Polski Instytut Teatralny in New York managed since 1976, by actress and director Janina Katebach (Nina Polan). In the 1970s and the 1980s Polish theatre life flourished in Ottawa, thanks to the works of Jadwiga Domańska; and since the 1990s, in Toronto, where actress and director Maria Nowotarska created permanent Polish stage, collaborating with a cluster of actors. Experimental theatres of Tadeusz Kantor, Jerzy Grotowski, and Włodzimierz Staniewski performed for international audiences. Great Polish actors, such as Elżbieta Czyżewska, Ryszard Cieślak, and Andrzej Seweryn, appeared in foreign productions. Plays written by best Polish playwrights – Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Witold Gombrowicz, Tadeusz Różewicz, Sławomir Mrożek – were staged in many countries. Books on Polish theatre and drama were published in several languages. Polish theatre scholars and artists lectured and taught at foreign universities. Polish productions created either within the émigré communities or visiting from Poland contributed to preservation of Polish language, traditions, and values. Generally, Polish theatre was a vibrant element of Polish culture abroad.
Ze Stobiernej, Głogowa i Rzeszowa w daleki świat. Przypomnienie sławnego współziomka
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Bachórz, Józef
The article reminds about Ludwik Nabielak, born in the vicinity of Rzeszów, an insurgent during the November Uprising and an active member of the Great Emigration. His name cannot be overlooked in any considerable research interested in Polish uprisings, mostly in the November Uprising, in the emigration known as the Great one and, more generally, in Polish literature of Romanticism. Streets of his name can be found in Warsaw, Cracow, Wrocław, Przemyśl, Jarosław and Żyrardow – before the Second World War there used to be one in Lviv as well. At least an essential biographical entry about Nabielak can be found in every Polish universal encyclopedia. The November Uprising is the subject discussed in numerous scholar and popular publications that mention his name many times. However, the name of Nabielak should be remembered not only due to his participation in the Uprising discussed at history lessons, but also due to the fact that the Polish list of obligatory readings for highschool students includes the third part of "Dziady" by Mickiewicz that mentions the name in one of the passages. Therefore the article refers to the biography of the famous Pole not only in the context of historical facts but also with the usage of literary references to Nabielak that can be found in romantic literature (Mickiewicz, Norwid, Goszczyński).
Domy z "chceń i snów uwite". Motyw domu w poezji Janusza Artura Ihnatowicza
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Jakubowska-Ożóg, Alicja
The aim of the article is to discuss the motifs of home and house in the selected literary works by one of the Polish émigrés associated with the London poetical group known as „Kontynenty”. The motifs serve an important purpose in the poetical biography of Ihnatowicz – house as a physical object can be found only in descriptions of his memories: an abode ruined by time and history. However, among his writings one can also find many expressions of homesickness denoted by a wish for a safe place to live. The article undertakes the attempt to situate the motifs in the context of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, who perceives human thoughts and language as shelters for places physically lost.
"... Jak kamienie przez Boga rzucane na szaniec!" Motywy emigracyjne i demaskacja mitów narodowych w "Wariacjach pocztowych" Kazimierza Brandysa
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Magryś, Roman
The article discusses the problem of national myths related to military actions waged in order to defend the country against an invader. The myths had been called into being by Old-Polish literature as well as the culture of the Age of Enlightenment and Romanticism. Since the times of Jan Kochanowski, participation in battles had been treated as not only a way to raise exemplary citizens, but also as a proper path of development of every human being. Kazimierz Brandys faces these beliefs – in his opinion any war, even waged for righteous and justified reasons, downgrades the morality of soldiers. The writer describes the process of bestiality of heroes that takes place during their struggle for lost human dignity and self-respect. Thus, the question of therapy applied to ethically and morally mutilated and downgraded personality is raised. Brandys searches for a possibility of such therapy among not only cultural traditions of his homeland, but also beyond them, in oriental spirituality. He introduces emigrant threads and motifs useful in the discussion over possible alternatives for Catholic modes of taming evil. However, neither in Western nor in Oriental cultures the appropriate explanations for, on the one hand, the questions of human obligations and, on the other, of civic duties, had not been found. The novel does not propose any final solution to worldview or moral dilemmas, but instead it actualizes the question of maintaining humanness in unfavorable conditions – when performing patriotic duties on a battlefield.
Bibliofilska dylogia na temat Miłosza
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Wolski, Jan
The text includes information on the appearing of two books: "Miłosz listy pisze" ("Miłosz Is Writing Letters"; Rzeszów 2011) and "Miłosz. Tematy" ("Miłosz. Themes"; Rzeszów 2011), under the imprint of Wojewódzka i Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna w Rzeszowie (Provincial and City Public Library in Rzeszów).
W pogoni za fantazmatem miłości. Na marginesie wybranych opowiadań Zygmunta Haupta
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Nęcka, Agnieszka
The author of the article uses the theories by, among others, Barthes and Bataille in order to analyze complicated male-female relations in the selected writings by Zygmunt Haupt – one of the most interesting and, at the same time, the most underestimated writers of the XXth century. The article discusses eroticism in the prose by the author of "Pierścień z papieru" as a result of autobiographical character of Haupt’s texts and as one of the main topics of his writings. However, the article does not only dwell on the “traditional” understanding of problems with establishing contacts with another sex or the inability to maintain the so-called appropriate relationships between men and women. The narrator of the short novels by Haupt refers also – in more or less explicit manner – to incestuous relations with Electra/Nietota. Due to this fact the problematization of unfulfilled love – feeling that cannot flourish because of various obstacles (cultural, social and moral rules, as well as simply death of the beloved one) – can be discussed. Such problematization is also the reason for replacement of coherent narration with a set of digressions that are perceived, in the terminology proposed by Barthes, as “fragments of love discourse”. Such replacement results in, among others, idealization of body parts, peculiar play with time or common indulgence in fantasies.

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