Tematy i Konteksty 1(6) 2011

URI dla tej Kolekcjihttp://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/414

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Ze Stobiernej, Głogowa i Rzeszowa w daleki świat. Przypomnienie sławnego współziomka
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Bachórz, Józef
The article reminds about Ludwik Nabielak, born in the vicinity of Rzeszów, an insurgent during the November Uprising and an active member of the Great Emigration. His name cannot be overlooked in any considerable research interested in Polish uprisings, mostly in the November Uprising, in the emigration known as the Great one and, more generally, in Polish literature of Romanticism. Streets of his name can be found in Warsaw, Cracow, Wrocław, Przemyśl, Jarosław and Żyrardow – before the Second World War there used to be one in Lviv as well. At least an essential biographical entry about Nabielak can be found in every Polish universal encyclopedia. The November Uprising is the subject discussed in numerous scholar and popular publications that mention his name many times. However, the name of Nabielak should be remembered not only due to his participation in the Uprising discussed at history lessons, but also due to the fact that the Polish list of obligatory readings for highschool students includes the third part of "Dziady" by Mickiewicz that mentions the name in one of the passages. Therefore the article refers to the biography of the famous Pole not only in the context of historical facts but also with the usage of literary references to Nabielak that can be found in romantic literature (Mickiewicz, Norwid, Goszczyński).
Sentymentalna autokreacja Augusta Kotzebuego w "Pamiętniku ze zsyłki na Syberię"
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Sobina, Iga
The article "Sentimental Autocreation of August Kotzebue in his Memoirs from Siberian Deportation" provides a presentation of problems discussed in the unknown to scholars text by the German playwright. The autobiographical work was written in the town of Kurgan where Kotzebue served the sentence of deportation for an unknown offence against Tzar Paul I of Russia. The description of the unusual year 1801 is provided in two rhetoric dimensions. The first one serves the purpose of presenting the author as a warm-hearted and sensitive man. Such stilization, inspired by the pattern of sentimental novels, is considered as the registry of emotional states of a frightened, desperate and afflicted by illnesses prisoner who wanders the vastness of Siberian plains without any reason known. The other rhetoric dimension is considered as the objective version of description of reality and thus it provides its reader with information of ruthlessness of tzar reprisal system. The diary is a testimony of a human being facing the nature of fierce Syberia. This helpless and downgraded person gradually becames dehumanized. Finally, the memoirs also provide many rare information about the closest entourage of Tzar Paul I.
Zaproszenie do publikacji na łamach czasopisma naukowego "Tematy i Konteksty" (Rzeszów 2012)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Ożóg, Zenon; Stanisz, Marek
Kazimierz Wierzyński w kręgu Polskiego Instytutu Naukowego
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Dorosz, Beata
The article presents an episode in the biography of Kazimierz Wierzyński related to the time of his emigration in the United States of America: since 1941 until his departure to Europe in 1959. Further contacts with the environment of Polish émigrés in New York, still kept after the poet’s return to Europe until his death in February 1969, are also taken into consideration in the article. However, the main point of reference is Wierzyński’s cooperation with the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in the United States (headquartered in New York). The Institute was formed in May 1942 as a branch of the Polish Academy of Learning in order to support unhampered artistic and scholarly development of Polish scientists and artists living in the USA during the wartime. Wierzyński was not only involved in activities of the Commission of Literary History of PIAS but had also been for many years a member of the Board of the Institute. Wierzyński, as well as the other prominent representatives of New York Polish émigrés like Jan Lechoń or Józef Wittlin, took part in numerous cultural and artistic events organized by PIAS or under its auspices. Discussing these events enables, on the one hand, individual analyses of Wierzyński’s works and their reception among both Polish and American readers (among others: English publications, translations and endeavours towards the Nobel Prize for the poet). On the other hand, observations of the émigrés’ society and its involvement in preserving and promoting Polish culture in exile can also be provided. In order to describe the role of Wierzyński as an independence activist the article recollects several facts related to the cooperation between PIAS and the National Committee for Free Europe. The main focus falls on the involvement of Polish poets, including Wierzyński, in a variety of programs of the Radio Free Europe, as well as on their participation in the organization of the Congress of Free Polish Culture that was to take place in Paris in 1956. Discussion related to the development of PIAS and its possible cooperation with academic institutions of the People's Republic of Poland is used in order to present Wierzyński’s attitude towards contacts of the émigrés with Poland. He was in favour of such contacts due to the strong conviction that any links with Western culture support his compatriots in their resistance to the communist regime and their struggle with the process of sovietization. The article quotes hitherto unknown documents as it is based on materials discovered mainly in Polish and American archives in the USA. Thus, the article is considered a contribution to the biography of Wierzyński, discussed not only from the perspective of literary and cultural context, but also historical, political and sociological point of view.
Obraz Ameryki w opublikowanej korespondencji Czesława Miłosza z lat 1945-1950
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Kołodziejczyk, Ewa
The article reconstructs the portrait of the United States of America depicted in the published correspondence of Czesław Miłosz from the years 1945-1950. The article discusses the circumstances that caused the poet to undertake his job as a diplomat abroad and motivations of his decision. The article analyses also a variety of opinions discussed by environments of both Polish and émigré writers related to that decision. Finally, it marks the changes that occurred in Miłosz’s attitude towards the autobiography he wrote and duties he performed after the war. The article compares the poet’s juvenile visions of the United States with the reality he faced after his arrival to the New World. The article discusses also the culture shock and slow process of acclimatization the poet experienced and treated, on the intellectual level, as a process of rejecting the materialistic perception of American culture in favor of the perception of its symbolic aspects. The article discusses the subsequent stages and elements of the self-education process undertaken by Miłosz through not only extensive reading but also his translations from Englishlanguage literature, literary and sociopolitical journalism discussing American issues but published in Polish magazines and finally – his organizational work for publishing industry and academic institutions. The conclusion of the article presents the poet as a mediator between the Old and the New World he became just before his return to Europe.
"Objechałem całą prawie Szwajcarię”. Helweckie inspiracje w twórczości Czesława Miłosza
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Wolski, Jan
Czesław Miłosz visited Switzerland many times and his contact with this Alpine republic – its citizens and customs – was undoubtedly inspiring for his works. This inspiration took shape of both poems and essays. His letters and memoirs fulfill the knowledge of literary history interested in earlier experiences of the Nobel Prize laureate. Miłosz’s sojourns in Switzerland usually can be linked to the crucial moments of his life and thus any references to the experiences of Mickiewicz seem more than obvious. The observations of majestic Alpine landscape encouraged the poet to reconcile himself to his fate due to the fact that the indestructibility of laws of nature is considered an opposition to fragile human existence. Miłosz is also concerned not only with the question of unity of European tradition based on the Catholic religion, but also with similarity of experiences in various parts of the continent. Therefore Switzerland functions as a symbol that confirms the fascination of the poet with beauty of the world and emphasizes the importance of revelations in human life.
Od kryzysu do kryzysu – głosy zakulisowe o losach "Wiadomości”
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Taylor-Terlecka, Nina
The article discusses hitherto unknown sources related to the cooperation between Tymon Terlecki and the London magazine „Wiadomości”. Thus, the article is considered a basis for the monograph of the magazine. The article analyses archival texts, mostly letters by Tymon Terlecki to Mieczysław Grydzewski, and his correspondence with Michał Chmielowiec and Stefania Zahorska. Therefore, on the example of the famous magazine the article describes the process in which its further history and general picture of war emigration became both enriched and complicated. Texts and quotations from archival letters, presented and discussed, form an interesting mosaic of emigration experiences and record literary and cultural life in exile. The episodes discussed in the article shall correct some generalizations and verify several stereotypical opinions. In such context the personality of Tymon Terlecki is presented in the interesting manner as one of the most active participants of literary life in exile.
"Merkuriusz Polski - Życie Akademickie" (styczeń 1957 - listopad 1958). Historia pisma
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Moczkodan, Rafał
The aim of this article is to present the history of the magazine “Merkuriusz Polski – Życie Akademickie” with special emphasis put on its publications and the correspondence between its editors and associates. First, as an introductory remark, the author of the article reminds of the fact that „Merkuriusz Polski – Życie Akademickie” is considered the third in turn mutation of the magazine published in London since 1949. At its beginning the magazine was published by the English branch of Polish Students' Association, later on – by the poetical group “Kontynenty” and the Association of Polish Students and Graduates in Great Britain. Second, the article discusses the series of turbulent changes the periodical underwent at the time given, when the magazine of one cover and one title was in fact edited by two separate editorial staffs. According to the author of the article, these changes resulted mostly from the magazine’s financial problems and several divergences in ideas related to the future of the magazine that was to be divided into two periodicals: „Merkuriusz Polski” and „Życie Akademickie”. Third, the attitude of the magazine’s associates towards its former versions, as well as all the program and publishing declarations published at that times in both “Merkuriusz” and “Życie”, are discussed. Internal changes within both editorial staffs, together with their disputes and arguments, are also presented. The author of the article proves that several arguments occurred not only between the quarreled editorial staffs (due to these conflicts the group finally split up and started to publish separate magazines) but also within the staff of “Merkuriusz Polski”. The conclusion of the article discusses also another debate that was published in the London magazine. This time however, the subject matter was related to the existence (or non-existence) of the young generation of émigrés and their poetical group associated under the auspices of „Merkuriusz”. According to the author, this debate has not been of no importance for the further development of the magazine.
"Kontynenty" a Dedecius
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Śmieja, Florian
The monthly periodical „Kontynenty” was a publication of Polish young exiles in London after the Second World War appearing from 1958–1966. In the April 1959 issue of its predecessor called “Nowy Merkuriusz” the appearance in Germany of an anthology of Polish lyric poetry by Karl Dedecius entitled “Lektion der Stille” was announced. Very soon, in June 1959 we published the earliest details of Dedecius’s curriculum vitae and furthermore an interview with the translator having secured his answers to questions written in Polish to questions put to him by Florian Śmieja who collaborated with the anthology. The July–August 1962 number of “Kontynenty” called Dedecius an extraordinary translator as important as Boy. His success with Lec was recognised and translations of his theories of translating were published. Finally, Jan Brzękowski in June 1965 wrote a thorough and comprehensive review of the Polish poets published in Dedecius’s enlarged anthology.
"Umrzeć jest najprościej". O zesłańczych doświadczeniach w prozie Danuty Ireny Bieńkowskiej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Paliwoda, Agata
The aim of this article is to discuss two short novels selected from a few writings by Danuta Irena Bieńkowska collected in the volume “Między brzegami” (London 1978) published after her death. The writer was born in Toruń (1927). After the Second World War she lived in England, and, since 1955, in Canada. The novels contain a variety of quasi-diary (“Droga do Rosji: fragment z dziennika”) and short-prose (“Północ i południe: szkice z Rosji”) references to her experiences gained during the period of deportation to the labor camps in the Komi Republic and Uzbekistan. The article provides an interpretation of the mentioned works as a personal document in the context of gulag literature (by, among others, Beata Obertyńska, Barbara Skarga, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Anatol Krakowiecki, Jerzy Krzysztoń) and thus it presents the writer’s contribution to the literature undertaking the task of „naming the unnamable”.
Domy z "chceń i snów uwite". Motyw domu w poezji Janusza Artura Ihnatowicza
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Jakubowska-Ożóg, Alicja
The aim of the article is to discuss the motifs of home and house in the selected literary works by one of the Polish émigrés associated with the London poetical group known as „Kontynenty”. The motifs serve an important purpose in the poetical biography of Ihnatowicz – house as a physical object can be found only in descriptions of his memories: an abode ruined by time and history. However, among his writings one can also find many expressions of homesickness denoted by a wish for a safe place to live. The article undertakes the attempt to situate the motifs in the context of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, who perceives human thoughts and language as shelters for places physically lost.
"Ten jego emigracyjny los". O tomie opowiadań Włodzimierza Odojewskiego "...i poniosły konie"
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Dutka, Elżbieta
Włodzimierz Odojewski is one of the most famous émigré writers who still undertake the subject of emigration, even in his books published long after his both symbolic and real return to the homeland. Significant extension and dwelling on the subject can be observed in the book "…i poniosły konie". The aim of this article is to provide an interpretation of the novels gathered in the volume (published in 2006) from the perspective of the biographical context, the rest of Odojewski’s writings, as well as his opinions on various aspects of exile. Such interpretation reveals more existential and internalized dimension of emigration but also its universal meanings. Thus, emigration is considered a metaphor of human fate.
Emigrant wobec polskości. Literackie prowokacje Mariana Pankowskiego
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Pasterska, Jolanta
The basic idea of writings by Marian Pankowski refers to the attitude of rebellious artist: independent author deeply convinced of his own value, writer constantly on search for his most suitable literary form. Literary provocations by Pankowski are treated as the expression of discontent to stereotypical images not only of such concepts as homeland and exile, but also religion and Western civilization. Polemic with history, Romanticism and religion, as well as unrestrained eroticism, are all perceived as an attempt to free the artistic individuality limited by obsolete forms and masks. Demythologization of Polish emigration – through exposing Pankowski’s compatriots who imitate the tradition of romantic post-insurrection émigrés – serves the same purpose. True Polishness is associated by Pankowski with the pattern remembered from his childhood: simplicity unaffected by politics, ideology, artificial pathos and hypocrisy. Opposition to this pattern is described in the images of Polishness abroad, associated with religious and political trashy meetings that commonly made use of symbols such as Black Madonna of Częstochowa and the Great Emigration. Pankowski accepts the role of an outsider alienated from the groups of both artists in Poland and emigres in order to provoke Poles to discuss the subject matter of Polishness itself. However, in his struggle against any examples of hypocrisy Pankowski does not expose the very source of his rebellion and from his extraordinarily vivid and carefully adjusted literary descriptions one cannot draw any moral. As a result, his experimental writings exceed and violate all the boundaries (political, literary, genre, moral) and thus cannot be undisputedly classified. His works have as many enthusiasts as they have adversaries. Undoubtedly, his art meets the basic requirement of aesthetics and does not leave its reader indifferent and unmoved.
"... Jak kamienie przez Boga rzucane na szaniec!" Motywy emigracyjne i demaskacja mitów narodowych w "Wariacjach pocztowych" Kazimierza Brandysa
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Magryś, Roman
The article discusses the problem of national myths related to military actions waged in order to defend the country against an invader. The myths had been called into being by Old-Polish literature as well as the culture of the Age of Enlightenment and Romanticism. Since the times of Jan Kochanowski, participation in battles had been treated as not only a way to raise exemplary citizens, but also as a proper path of development of every human being. Kazimierz Brandys faces these beliefs – in his opinion any war, even waged for righteous and justified reasons, downgrades the morality of soldiers. The writer describes the process of bestiality of heroes that takes place during their struggle for lost human dignity and self-respect. Thus, the question of therapy applied to ethically and morally mutilated and downgraded personality is raised. Brandys searches for a possibility of such therapy among not only cultural traditions of his homeland, but also beyond them, in oriental spirituality. He introduces emigrant threads and motifs useful in the discussion over possible alternatives for Catholic modes of taming evil. However, neither in Western nor in Oriental cultures the appropriate explanations for, on the one hand, the questions of human obligations and, on the other, of civic duties, had not been found. The novel does not propose any final solution to worldview or moral dilemmas, but instead it actualizes the question of maintaining humanness in unfavorable conditions – when performing patriotic duties on a battlefield.
W pogoni za fantazmatem miłości. Na marginesie wybranych opowiadań Zygmunta Haupta
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Nęcka, Agnieszka
The author of the article uses the theories by, among others, Barthes and Bataille in order to analyze complicated male-female relations in the selected writings by Zygmunt Haupt – one of the most interesting and, at the same time, the most underestimated writers of the XXth century. The article discusses eroticism in the prose by the author of "Pierścień z papieru" as a result of autobiographical character of Haupt’s texts and as one of the main topics of his writings. However, the article does not only dwell on the “traditional” understanding of problems with establishing contacts with another sex or the inability to maintain the so-called appropriate relationships between men and women. The narrator of the short novels by Haupt refers also – in more or less explicit manner – to incestuous relations with Electra/Nietota. Due to this fact the problematization of unfulfilled love – feeling that cannot flourish because of various obstacles (cultural, social and moral rules, as well as simply death of the beloved one) – can be discussed. Such problematization is also the reason for replacement of coherent narration with a set of digressions that are perceived, in the terminology proposed by Barthes, as “fragments of love discourse”. Such replacement results in, among others, idealization of body parts, peculiar play with time or common indulgence in fantasies.
Świadek codzienności - Jerzy Pietrkiewicz
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Andres, Zbigniew
From its very beginning, the writings by Jerzy Pietrkiewicz practically reflected the poetic theory of authentism. Even back in time, when his early poems had not yet been rooted in this nascent trend in poetry, Pietrkiewicz applied the theory by Stanisław Czernik in his works. Later on, the poet began his cooperation with ultra-rightist magazines and as an advocate of authentism he used to refer nationalistic beliefs to this new literary doctrine. Although such attitude did not achieve expected approval of Czernik, the creator of the movement, Pietrkiewicz still remained one of the most active poets gathered around the precursor. As an émigré Pietrkiewicz changed his attitude. Although he was no longer so devoted to the idea of authentism, he still remained a prominent follower and defender of the theory. His attitude had been expressed in many discussions and his literary works, published in both Polish and English versions. Among the most exemplary works one should mention "The Other Side of the Limits of Language" (London, New York, Toronto, 1970). Thus, the poet linked respect for tradition with the acceptance of contemporary experimentalism in writing. As a result, Pietrkiewicz favored such model of modern poetry on condition that it was supported with a variety of means used by the representatives of ages past.
Notatki do Czerniawskiego
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Kisiel, Marian
The article is considered a summa of remarks related to the less known and rarely commented works by an émigré – Adam Czerniawski. The subjects of interpretation are his poems translated into English, miniatures of literary criticism, short novels and his memoirs. Modern Polish prose is still commonly treated as a ciphertext, a subject interesting for but a few readers who revel in this labyrinth of thoughts. It may seem that at the end of our century – a period so involved in discourse with traditional understanding of literature – avant-garde variants of prose should be obvious and legible for everyone or, at least, that literary criticism shall place them on the appropriate level in the hierarchy of modern forms. Apparently, it turned out that the situation is different. The prose model imposed by Positivism still remains predominant in habits and tastes of both literary critics and readers. Few decades of struggle with that one narrative pattern suddenly became questionable. Therefore, the short narrative novels by Czerniawski has not yet been sufficiently analyzed by critics. These narrations are considered – with their Gombrowicz-style grimace – the absolute stories. The feature of absoluteness is visible at all their levels: origin, narration, reading. Everything is possible here but nothing is accidental or random. However, limiting these narrations to only avant-garde rules would with no doubt distort their sense. The prose by Czerniawski uses also infinite potential of grotesque, it plays with its own language and makes out of it an undoubtedly philosophical "Ding an sich". The prose was also written in order to face traditional sanctities such as, for instance, irreformable „Polishness” that glorifies old symbols by perceiving them as hallowed by God’s interference. Finally, the prose by Czerniawski is based on „common sense” that can be found in numerous funny contexts of the surrounding world.
Precyzja i milczenie. O twórczości poetyckiej Wojciecha Gniatczyńskiego
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Pasterski, Janusz
The article discusses the poetical writings by Wojciech Gniatczyński, the editor of Polish Radio Free Europe, talented writer and literary critic. The author of the article analyses essential problems and artistic features of this poetry on the basis of two published volumes of poems, biographical information, gathered correspondence, unpublished works and articles concerning issues of literary criticism by Gniatczyński. However, the main focus of the article falls on the links between the writer and the war-time generation, tragic experiences gained in the Nazi extermination camp in Auschwitz and further emigration solitude. The author of the article discusses also the post-war episode in writings by Gniatczyński – first in the context of London groups known as "Merkuriusz" and "Kontynenty", next with reference to the Munich society of writers and radio reporters gathered around the RFE. The analysis of poetical works by Gniatczyński describes a relatively invariable repertory of undertaken problems and a number of references to avant-garde patterns. According to the author of the article, Gniatczyński is currently a forgotten writer who treated poem as an expression of thought rather than a wordplay or imaginative jugglery. Thus, the poet made attempts to bind simplicity with innovation. As a result, the article presents Wojciech Gniatczyński as a writer who cannot be labeled according to the common emigration stereotypes: he is focused on inventing his own poetical form that often uses prose devices, irony and paradoxes.
Polski teatr na emigracji
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Braun, Kazimierz
A great number of individual Polish actors and small theatre companies are active all over the world; sometimes, a visiting production from Poland excites the émigré audiences strengthening their ties with the mother country. Two key notions help to understand both the ethos and the history of theatre of Polish émigrés: (1) “Citizen’s theatre” is a theatre in which spiritual, human, ethical, patriotic and communal values play the most important role, while aesthetic and utilitarian values are secondary. (2) “Theatre of service”, which is created in order to serve the spectators, to help them to preserve their traditions, support their needs, and express their hopes. The structure of theatre life of Polish émigrés can be visualized as a three-layer pyramid. Its foundation is made of dense and ubiquitous “theatricality of life”, which permeates all areas of life, such as social, familial, religious, political, academic, sport, or commerce. Manifestations of “theatricality” include weddings, anniversaries, parades, jubilees, funerals, liturgies, processions, celebrations of Christmas, Easter, or Corpus Christi, and other events and activities. They use Polish imagery, symbols, costumes and/or songs. “Theatricality” employs theatre’s categories: action, characters, structuring the space and the time of the event, as well as theatre’s means of expression. Above “theatricality” is a deep layer of amateur theatre practiced at schools, parishes and various associations and organizations. Polish amateur productions in the US have been recorded since the 1870s in the cities of especially numerous Polish population such as Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and New York. Polish amateur theatre companies can be found in many countries. The tip of the pyramid consists of the performances given by Polish professionals abroad and tours of Polish productions. Helena Modrzejewska, in America known as Modjeska (1840-1909), after stardom in Kraków and Warsaw arrived in America in 1876, and made a splendid, thirty years lasting career on American stages, performing in English. In the 1880s she was considered the greatest American female stage star. Ryszard Bolesławski (1889-1937) in his youth was an actor and director at Moscow Art Theatre of K. Stanislavsky. When Poland regained its independence (1918), he returned to Warsaw and directed at the Polski Theatre. In 1922, he went to America where he directed and taught acting, first in New York’s theatres and acting studios, and then in the film industry in Hollywood. He is credited for introducing American actors to the realisticpsychological Stanislavsky’s method, with a poetic, typically Polish tint. Polish professional theatre companies were active outside of Poland during World War II in New York (1942–1945) and in London (1942-until present). In 1943, professional theatres were organized at the Polish Armed Forces by Jadwiga Domańska, and at the Polish Division under the Soviet command by Władysław Krasnowiecki. Polish professional productions were also created in Rumania, France, Brazil, British Palestine and elsewhere. After the war, the strongest Polish theatre centre east of Poland (in its borders established at the Jalta conference, 1945) was Teatr Polski established in Lwów in 1958, by actor and director Zbigniew Chrzanowski, while at the West, it was the Polski Instytut Teatralny in New York managed since 1976, by actress and director Janina Katebach (Nina Polan). In the 1970s and the 1980s Polish theatre life flourished in Ottawa, thanks to the works of Jadwiga Domańska; and since the 1990s, in Toronto, where actress and director Maria Nowotarska created permanent Polish stage, collaborating with a cluster of actors. Experimental theatres of Tadeusz Kantor, Jerzy Grotowski, and Włodzimierz Staniewski performed for international audiences. Great Polish actors, such as Elżbieta Czyżewska, Ryszard Cieślak, and Andrzej Seweryn, appeared in foreign productions. Plays written by best Polish playwrights – Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Witold Gombrowicz, Tadeusz Różewicz, Sławomir Mrożek – were staged in many countries. Books on Polish theatre and drama were published in several languages. Polish theatre scholars and artists lectured and taught at foreign universities. Polish productions created either within the émigré communities or visiting from Poland contributed to preservation of Polish language, traditions, and values. Generally, Polish theatre was a vibrant element of Polish culture abroad.
W służbie idei - "Tu jest Polska" Herminii Naglerowej
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2011) Wal, Anna
The article discusses the drama by Herminia Naglerowa entitled "Tu jest Polska". The author of the article is concerned with extraordinary circumstances of origin of the text that was written between 1942 and 1943, that is during the ongoing Second World War, soon after the writer left gulag and joined the Women's Auxiliary Service in the army commanded by Gen. Władysław Anders. Although the article proposes an interpretation of the drama mainly as a literary text, additional supportive information used is related to the performance of "Tu jest Polska" by the Drama Theatre of Polish Army in the East. The article stresses biased and propaganda character of the play that results from both political and ideological implications and from the fact that it addressed an audience consisting of soldiers of the Polish II Corps: usually ex-prisoners and former laborers of gulags. The play by Naglerowa can be classified as a representative of the emigration drama mainstream described by Dobrochna Ratajczakowa as ‘servient’. The topics of conspiracy and uprising that can be found in the play are considered a continuation of the tradition of Polish Romanticism in which any fight for independence and civil service receive the top priority. The author of the article focuses her attention on these passages of the play that discuss problems developed also in several further works by Naglerowa and related to the subject matter of war. Among these problems one should mention the motif of heroism contrasted with romantic models as well as the subject of women’s way of experiencing history.

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