Rozdziały (KNS) / Chapters (CoSS)

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Introduction
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Szluz, Beata
Social entrepreneur and its connection to the modernisation of the society
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Ulčáková, Šarka
In this article, I would like to support a discussion about a deeper understanding of the concept of social entrepreneurship in the context of its development in European countries during the last few decades which is closely connected to the modernisation of society and some of its consequences. Therefore, I will first very briefly introduce the history of the concept and I will then focus on the modernisation of society and the changes it has brought to an individual, families, communities and the welfare state. I will argue that the concept of social entrepreneurship as it is being perceived and has been developing during the last decades might be connected to the modernisation of society in two possible ways which I would like to describe in this article.
Partnership for combating social exclusion, on the example, the Subcarpathian social cooperative
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Szluz, Beata
Social exclusion is associated with situations, in which an individual cannot normally participate in the activities of citizens in a given society. It is essential to note that such a restriction is not due to internal beliefs, but is beyond the control of that person. Societal exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon, meaning, that a person cannot participate in political, economic and cultural life as a result of a lack of access to resources, goods and institutions, as well as restrictions of social rights or a deprivation of needs. The groups or social categories in which individuals are most vulnerable to exclusion are: the disabled, the mentally ill, addicts, the long-term unemployed, individuals with low professional skills, those released from correctional facilities, single mothers raising children, victims from pathological families, children and youth from neglected environments or raised outside of the family, the elderly, the homeless, immigrants, and members of ethnic minorities. The cause or effect of social exclusion is poverty. A combination of several of these noted problems increases the risk of experiencing exclusion. In the field of social assistance, the problems which an individual and their family experience are the stimuli or task for action to be taken. J. Wygnański stated that, with respect to clients, they are: (…) often those for which the existing instruments of social assistance or labour offices do not work. For many, it is not assistance, just control, and they do everything to dodge it. Some have limited their aspirations to the level of their existence, i.e. the necessity to earn money to purchase the cheapest alcohol. Can you reach such people with the tale of the fishing rod and fish? They are fixated on fish, not even salmon, but anything. They do not believe in a chance for independence, but they know how to navigate in the system of assistance offered by the state and non-governmental organizations, to receive something. Hence the need for new ideas for assistance – so that these people will be willing to help themselves. We are not the only one in Europe that has managed to create a welfare system perpetuated on passivity and exclusion, making it impossible for the welfare state to bear (Mateja 2008). The cited formulation indicates that long-term use of benefits generates the formation of a dependency on assistance. Effective social assistance should therefore be orientated towards activating, and cannot be deactivating and overwhelming. In the context of the aforementioned social exclusion, social enterprises which perform different functions have important tasks to fulfill. Social economy or social entrepreneurship are terms referring to social economy, combining both social and economic objectives. Competences mentioned in the catalogue of social enterprise: social integration and activity in the labour market, provision of public services: social (educational, custodial care, in the field of healthcare) and technical (of a reciprocal nature, in the open labour market, the supply of public goods and the development of local communities, and business and production activities) (Co to jest ekonomia społeczna?; Szluz 2010: 257-273). A specific form of social enterprise is a social cooperative which is mainly made up of individuals at risk of social exclusion due to unemployment, a disability or mental illness, or having trouble finding work. Activity and work in social cooperatives gives them a chance of social and professional activation, integration, as well as upgrading their skills. Unlike other social economy entities, the social cooperative requires a high degree of independence and responsibility from its members. A collegial method of decision making applies. Members of the cooperative are entirely responsible for the cooperative’s affairs, and learn independence and long-term planning. They care about the financial aspects, manage their own business, and set the direction of development. The cited issues have become the impetus for undertaking analysis and considerations, whose aim is to demonstrate cooperation for combating social exclusion. The Subcarpathian social cooperatives have become very good examples, which arose as a result of actions taken within the scope of the partnership.
Good practices against exclusion. An example of social economy in Podkarpackie Voivodeship
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Błaszczuk, Katarzyna
Systemic transformation is an opportunity for the development of democracy. Changes occurring in the area of public life allow individuals and social groups to develop in an individual and sustainable way, as well as plan their own lives in both private and public space in line with their individual choices. However, difficult situations in the labour market and economic crises lead to the unemployment and impoverishment of households which results in the widening of financial and social gap between the well-educated and creative persons on one side, and those who are unable to adapt to the new reality for either personal or random reasons on the other. These are the individuals who have lost their jobs or social security, helpless in practical situations, inadequate, homeless, ill or disabled, the caregivers of ill or disabled family members, members of large and single-parent families, families suffering from alcoholism, and persons who have completed a prison sentence. The concept of social economy is one of the forms of actions aimed at the elimination of exclusion, as well as a method of solving the problems of persons/groups that have been excluded because of social maladjustment. This study presents various forms of social activation aimed at improving the situation of people threatened with exclusion, on the basis of literature on the subject, internet sources, and an analysis of official documents made available by institutions acting in the area of supporting social economy in the region.
Social reintegration exemplified by the specific example of the social integration centre in Sanok
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Frączek, Piotr; Drozd, Sylwia
Modern societies are always different, regardless of their social and economic level. On the one hand, there are individuals who succeed in the labour market, fully participating in both social and political life. On the other hand, many people are unable to meet their basic, existential needs and they are marginalised in society due to circumstances beyond their control. Social exclusion and the problems connected with it represent a significant challenge for current social policy in all countries in the world. The term “social exclusion” is used and it definitely should be defined. In literature on the subject there are many attempts to define what social exclusion (Dowling 1999: 245-261, Szarfenberg 2010) exactly is. However, the definition of S. Golinowska and P. Broda-Wysocki seems to be the simplest. They noticed that social exclusion is defined in two contexts. The first one is related to non-participation which means that an individual, a family or a group does not participate in social life (lack of participation); while the other context is related to impoverishment. In the latter context, social exclusion is used interchangeably with poverty (Golinowska, Broda-Wysocki 2005: 32). Without further considering the terminology, in the present text it has been adopted that social exclusion means a deprivation of the basic social needs of, or an unsatisfactory place in, society. However, combating social exclusion requires cooperation, which means not only from a trans-sectoral partnership (the public sector, the nongovernmental sector, the business sector and the private sphere of families and communities), but also cooperation between the individual areas of policies, services and their institutions: employment policy and vocational integration, social work, youth policy, educational policy, family policy and others (Evers, Przedecka 2012: 54). Building a social infrastructure becomes a significant challenge, especially at the local level which provides social services. A trans-sectoral partnership is favourable for both sectors i.e. the public and non-governmental sector. A lack of cooperation between tchem can lead to many problems. On the one hand, truthful information about social problems occurring at the local level can be unavailable to the public sector. On the other hand, the non-governmental sector may not be able to bear the costs of creating and operating social entities. Cooperation at the local level is particularly needed at the local level as it allows the ability to look not only at the needs expressed by a certain group of people but also at the mechanisms for satisfying their needs (Błędowski 2002). An assessment of needs at the local level is an opportunity to properly identify local needs and adapt forms of action to local circumstances. It is also the most suitable way to take action aimed at preventing and combating social exclusion (Błędowski, Kubicki 2006). In Poland, according to social employment law (2011), there are social groups that risk being excluded from social life i.e.: the homeless, the longterm unemployed, people addicted to drugs and other psychotropic things, people with mental disabilities, disabled people (Act dated 20.06.2003). Due to the particularities of operations undertaken with the inclusion of these kinds of people it is necessary to construct an adequate social infrastructure. Centres for Social Integration (SIC) are one of the entities of that infrastructure and they are set out in social employment law (Act dated 13.06.2003). The main aim of these entities is professional and social reintegration, for example through: developing skills that allows persons who are vulnerable to risk of the social exclusion to take an active role in society, acquiring professional skills and vocational training, learning how to plan life and meet the needs of one’s own effort, skills concerning the rational management of money. However, in Poland the creation of SICs is facing many barriers. They are described in K. Kietlińska’s report, i.e.: the undefined status of the SIC as an employer, lack of adequate management, lack of adequate staff that can achieve the social and professional reintegration, difficulties in obtaining funds to start up an activity, complicated law concerning the funding sources of a SIC (Kietlińska 2010: 173).
Approaching the concept of social economy in the CR through the prism of social work – reality and perspective
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Danihelková, Ester
One part of the current discourse of Czech social work is the issue of “marketisation” and the so-called “quasi-market” in the sphere of social services. Social economy, as a part of the national economy, represents an action field for further development of the social work profession. In a wider context, this topic relates to the search for identity of the social work profession in the postmodern society which imposes new requirements and challenges for social work. From its very beginning, social work has been expected to provide protection against the social exclusion of clients and their re-integration into society. Employment is the important element in social integration. Castel suggests: It is increasingly more illusory for social work with the new conditions aimed at integration of its clients into society. In the society in which we live, the fundamental prerequisite for permanent integration is a full-valued job, i.e. something which is actually missing and which cannot be provided by social work itself (Castel 2010: 152). Social work now finds itself in a nonenviable situation as it can no longer rely on the integration that was once massively provided by the labour market and social insurance. The role of social work hitherto has been the fine-tuning of integration in individuals with various disabilities and disadvantages. Nowadays, social work is supposed to apply the same tools to cope with the integration of large groups of people who have been condemned by the labour market to live in uncertainty, while the welfare state has fewer resources to secure these people against the increasing job and life uncertainty (Keller 2010). Unlike social work, the social economy endeavours to optimise the processes associated with increasing poverty, social exclusion, and the impact of a globalised market in becoming a legitimate part of the market as well as civil society through the activisation and stimulation of citizens to self-help and community-service activities. The priority of the social economy is employment of socially excluded persons or those vulnerable to social exclusion (Hunčová 2006). Persistent unemployment, the need for a reduction in the national budget deficit, and maintaining the deficit at low levels are all factors which cause difficulties for conventional social policy and social work. This raises the question to what extent the social economy can contribute to the solution to these problems and whether or not it can assume the role of the public authorities and institutions in certain areas of interest (Borzaga, Defourny 2001). The objective of this document is to analyse the current status of the Czech social economy and social firms. Czech social economy has been gradually defined in its form and researched from the bottom. The initial point of the analysis is formed by the outputs of the project Thematic network for the development of social economy in the Czech Republic. The analysis also includes a description of the current state of social firms in terms of legislation and finances. The conclusion presents several recommendations for the social policy actors in relation to the development of social enterprise in the Czech Republic.
What can social work seek and find in the area of civil society?
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Gojová, Vendula
From the changes which have occurred in society roughly over the last four decades, and the associated problems of development (Dahrendorf 1991; Esping-Andersen 2002; Giddens 2004; Keller 2009; Keller 2011) we can select the following phenomena in regard to the topic of this text – (1) people are constrained in their possibilities to ensure their own existence, (2) the globalised market increasingly meets the needs of communities less. We can identify various reactions and recommendations as to this state of society and the related crisis of the welfare state. One of the solution strategies may oscillate between proposals by Rosanvallon (Keller 2009) and Giddens (2004). It means solutions developed in a parallel way in the civil society space, in a space which should be close to social work. In the first part of this text we will try to discuss what in this area seems to be important for social work as an agent of social change. Of main importance is the second part which suggests the possible inter-disciplinary collaboration of social work and social entrepreneurship, which could support the potential of civil society. All this aims at answering the question of whether social work could use ideas of social entrepreneurship, resting exactly on this potential, to achieve its goals. And if so, what form its intervention might take.
Inter-sectoral cooperation exemplified by EU financed projects implemented in Podkarpackie Voivodeship
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Walawender, Paweł
Polish accession to the European Union opened new possibilities for economic and social development. In order to seize the opportunity to accelerate the development of the country's civilization, Poland, guided by recommendations from the European Commission and the experiences of the Old Union countries, kept increasing emphasis on cooperation between the three sectors: public, social, and economic. The said cooperation, also called inter-sectoral cooperation, takes place in different areas but is mainly implemented through project activities financed by the European Fund. Creating this type of partnerships is a difficult task as it requires the close cooperation of the representatives of organisations whose priorities, objectives, and methods of operation may differ considerably. This article introduces the idea of inter-sectoral partnership based on the author's experience from the implementation of projects in Podkarpackie Voivodeship aimed at assisting people facing social exclusion.
Cultural anthropology and its practical dimension in projects which include cross-sector partnership
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Sikora, Mateusz
Cross-sector partnership can play a major role in initiatives which aim at solving present-day social issues. This article focuses on the possibilities and consequences of cooperation between the public and the social sectors. Higher education institutions – more precisely, one of the main Polish universities – are hereby seen as the representative of the first sector. The second, public sector is hereby represented by non-governmental institutions, those active in Poland as well as abroad. Further presented in this article are the numerous benefits which stem from the inclusion of Cultural Anthropology in the debate concerning solving various social problems in regards to cross-sector partnership. By which – in terms of definition – I understand the cooperation of various sectors, which may result in unprecedented and revolutionary resolutions. Furthermore, anthropology has the potential to encompass all elements of cross-sector partnership, as well as to employ initiatives which are necessary for solving contemporary socio-political matters.
Opportunities for development of social work in Czech schools
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Matulayova, Tatiana; Pešatová, Ilona; Michalova, Zdenka
Analysis of the relevant Czech legislation in the area of education system demonstrates that there are no legislative prerequisites for establishing the position of school social worker (Pešatová, Matulayová 2013). At present, there are no institutions of tertiary education system in the Czech Republic which would prepare and train the social workers for being a specialist in the school environment. There are social workers employed in the school sector, yet their job description covers administration rather than assistance provided in a professional manner. It can be concluded, that the profession of school social work is unrecognised in this system. There are several causes of the current state which appears unsatisfactory from the perspective of social work. One of them is the fact that the counselling system at schools was built in the 1970’s. Those days, due to ideology, social work was no longer institutionalised as a profession in the Czech society. Thus, the counselling system was built as a space for providing services of specialised pedagogical and psychological profession.
Professional competences of a social teacher in the context of cooperation without borders
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Shved, Maria
The tendencies of the development of higher education and the requirements in the preparation of social teachers in the context of modern social development are considered in the article. The competences which are necessary for the preparation of a social teacher, offered by Ukrainian scientists, the competence of the survival of graduates in the labour market which were outlined by American scientists and the basic and central competences which are in the competency profile of a social teacher in the German system of the training of specialists to work in the social sphere are allocated.
A graduate in the labour market – a partnership for problem solving
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Łagowska-Cebula, Monika
Finishing education and entering the labour market is a key step in the life of every young person. At this point the individual departs from their well-known environment. In this environment many convictions are acquired and strategies to handle the requirements of the system are learnt. Even though these strategies do not always lead to the development of the individual, they give them a sense of security. These mechanisms probably become automated and cease to be a cause of stress (Rożnowski 2009: 21). The labour market, however, is a new environment which can cause some anxiety and lead to many stressful situations. The individual must find their feet in an environment where the consequences of failure to fulfil certain obligations can result in a significantly higher penalty than in the education system. The labour market consists of potential employees capable and willing to work and employers willing to hire workers (Szaban 2013: 15) and that is why, the lack of diligence and punctuality as well as the neglect of duty result in loss of employment and subsequent exclusion from that environment. Certainly, at certain stages of education, like for instance university, students can also be threatened with expulsion, but before it actually happens they have many more opportunities to rehabilitate themselves than most employees in the labour market. The labour market conditions which are encountered by young people are also important because they directly contribute to their living situation. Young adults who live with their parents are considered to be lazy and unwilling to rise to the challenge of self-reliance. However, most frequently it is the lack of financial resources to rent a flat (not to mention to purchase it) that is the reason for this situation. In 2012, the percentage of people in Poland aged 18 to 34 living with their parents was 60.2% and 27 – 48.1% in the EU (Central Statistical Office 2013: 11). The purpose of this article is to present the situation encountered by university graduates while seeking their first job. The present situation of the labour market in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, the assistance offered to former students by the District Employment Agency, and their opinion on this aid will be discussed.
The meaning of life for unemployed people
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Rosová, Dana
The social worker dictionary defines the meaning of life as a regulative term that modifies and explains social norms by which a person should guide themselves. A person’s value system, along with their confrontation with social norms, helps to define the secret of an individual’s existence, also known as the meaning of life (Strieženec 1996). Understanding the meaning of life means understanding ourselves. When we consider the meaning of life it does not have to mean only one thing; therefore we can discuss the socalled plurality of meanings. We assign different meanings to each of our spheres of life. We can deliberate the pathology of the purpose of our existence, as such meanings can strengthen each other (when we reach one meaning we can proceed to reach another one) or contradict each other (Šulavíková, Sejčová 2008). Philosophy regards questions on meaning of life as the basic ones. The everlasting questions that are part of a person´s life are: Who am I?, Where does my life lead to?, What is my purpose?, and What is the value of my life? (Balogová 2009).
Experiential learning – developing prosocial students of the Departament of health education faculty of education, Masaryk University in Brno
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Reissmannová, Jitka
The paper describes the innovations that we have implemented in the Department of Health Education Faculty of Education, Masaryk University in Brno and are focused on the development of prosocial students. These include activities related to experiential learning courses on first aid, and currently with the prevention of the syndrome of old age. Innovative teaching leads not only to an increase in the health literacy of students, but also – in the framework of experiential learning – a deep personal experience. Furthermore, in the paper we deal with the possibile implementation of these activities into the school curricula of primary schools – especially (but not only) in the educational area of Humans and Society (Civics) and the crosscutting theme of Personal and Social Education.
The perception of a health disability within society in the context of volunteering and the attitude of Czech and Polish university students to persons with a health disability
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Chrásková, Marie
At present, handicapped people create a significant group of persons in all states and countries of the world. The percentage of those persons in the individual EU countries varies from 5 to 19% (depending on the different criteria when assessing the disability). Generally, we can say that approximately 38 million people in the EU, or every tenth European of all age categories, are handicapped (Michalík 2013). In the Czech Republic, the number of the handicapped persons is approximately 10% based on qualified estimates; thus, that amounts to approximately 1 million inhabitants of the Czech Republic. However, other persons must be added to this number as most of the handicapped persons live in families and the caregivers are also more or less affected by the psychological, emotional, social and economic results of a disability. Thus, it is obvious that caring for these persons should be the effort of all of society in the fields of social care, respite care, and health care, as well as activities such as volunteering.
Help for the terminally ill and the dispute over the permissibility of euthanasia
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Stępa, Małgorzata
Currently, there is an observable global phenomenon of aging societies, which is associated with the extension of human lives. However, a longer life is one of the reasons for the recording of a growing population affected by “terminal diseases”. These include malignant tumours (neoplasmamalignum)1 and AIDS2. The late stages of these diseases include the appearance of paresis, paralysis3 , aphasia, dementia, and coma. Similar symptoms are observed in the case of neurological conditions such as: 1. Alzheimer's disease; 2. cerebral haemorrhages; 3. brain oedema6; 4. multiple sclerosis7and post-trauma (accident), which means that these may be added to thediseases thatrequire a similar procedure as in the caseof the aforementioned.People suffering from these require specialised treatment and care. Thisinvolves considerable financial outlay bythe state (research, treatment). Inaddition, the economy isunusually burdened by factors such as: care allowances to be paid, employment of qualified staff, and the creation of appropriate assistance centres. The search for budget reserves forthis social groupencounters insurmountable obstacles. At the same time,the existing focus onproductive people (laws of economics)causesa lack of perception and a lackofwillingness to addressthe chronically ill at theend oftheirlives,orthe terminally ill8, putting up barriers to them (lack of funding for hospices,palliativewards, and care allowances). In view of thegrowing demographicand earnings problemswe are increasingly confrontedwithpseudo-rationalclaims to alloweuthanasia(from the Greek meaninggood death), contrary tonatural law.It has been accepted that this is defined as the compassionate killing of someone who is suffering and terminally ill. Euthanasia is to be carried out in the name of the “human freedom” to decide for ourselves, but also to interrupt the pain or end the suffering in a phase in which nothing more can be done (resulting in death). From time to time, various countries are swept by a wave of discussion about its permissibility, and this dispute has been going on for centuries. The aim of the study is not only to approximate the size of the problem of the dying and their families, but also to show the possibilities for social and medical solutions in both a rational (economic) and human manner, without resorting to experiments with euthanasia. Our study was conducted using a diagnostic survey, in which the following techniques were used: an analysis of documents; observation; interview. The observation and interview were conducted in 2011 in two hospices (the St. Lazarus Hospice in Krakow and the St. Brother Albert Hospice in Dąbrowa Tarnowska). Interviews were given to: the management, the volunteer manager, and staff at both institutions. In addition, research on social attitudes towards euthanasia was carried out in the same year in Tarnów (Part 5).
Conflict management and its diagnostics in social structure relationship networks
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Rachwał, Aleksandra
Society’s historical security depends on its management of a mix of the economy’s most important risk factors. These risk factors include the following sectors: health, banking, enterprises, insurance system, pension funds, social networks, media, space management and regulative sectors. In the culture of the functional imperative which is focused on maximising the profit of enterprises, class and social structure can constitute either a firewall or open the doors to the performance of cultural obligations in the society. If social structures are poorly integrated, the maintaining of their stability and the stability of social order is put in danger. According to the World Health Organization, average life expectancy in the period between the years 1999 and 2000 was 61.4 years, while forecasts for the years 2020-2025 expect its increase to 71.6 years. It is anticipated that the entire population of developed countries will increase by 94% whilst the population of people that are 60 years or older will increase by 240%. This of course, definitely means that there will be a significant shift in age proportions toward the growth of the elderly population (Walden-Gałuszko de 2008: 3) and it constitutes a crucial argument in the societal discussion concerning health, disease, and long-term health care standards. Problems related to health-treatment, long waiting times for an appointment with the doctor, difficulties concerning accessing distant specialised health centres (clinics), existing information deficit on where and how to look for all kinds of support, paralysing stress, periodical lack of life-saving drugs, non-caring inhumane regulations, the loss of income in the family – all of the above-listed are just some of the problems faced by families taking care of family member who are suffering from cancer. Society’s major task as far as the development of palliative care is concerned is not only the permanent acquisition of families to perform care for the cancer-stricken patients but also investing in perfecting the caregivers’ skills that are vital especially in consequences arising after oncological treatment, such skills include those needed in combating pain, and skills necessary for palliative care. The main point of society’s departure from the reductionist biomedical model towards the epidemiological model results in a significant reduction in mortality due to chronic diseases (such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer). Nowadays this has led to an increase in the population of people living day by day with chronic disease, and consequently has led to an increase in demand for long-term care and long-term community support. One of the major challenges faced by medical science was the development of new evaluation parameters used for assessing the efficiency of medical care. Parameters include more than objective indicators of care (such as percentage decrease in mortality). Another challenge involves moving towards inclusion of the patient’s perspective on the care provided (patient-centered outcomes) (Tobiasz-Adamczyk 2002: 41). When economic transition accelerates, the rebuilding of social organisation and social consciousness does not keep pace with the speed of the changes. In such conditions people that are left to themselves, no longer know what is possible and what is impossible, what is fair and what is unfair; what hopes and revindications they are entitled to, and those in which they are going too far (Szacki 2006: 392). In this situation, necessary measures on behalf of the state must be taken to foster a family capable of taking care of the ill. It is very important to protect the healthy family which incidentally happens to be in a situation of crisis due to a family member’s grave illness. There is a strong need to support the family in the implementation of tasks related to their caring function and tasks related to meeting the basic needs of the ill family member. Family must be perceived from a broader perspective. We must examine it, as at a healthy family which incidentally, due to family member’s sickness, happens to be in a crisis situation. With the introduction of a social support strategy for the family as a unit of care, a possible reduction in the number of hospitalisations may take place and there also may be an increase in the independence and autonomy of the families. There will be an increase in a family’s ability to resolve everyday problems, to rebuild the necessary social support networks, and to improve the quality of care for sick members of the family.
Social issues in the Czech elementary school curriculum as related to children with specific educational needs and in the context of cooperation with professional institutions
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Hřivnová, Michaela; Majerová, Jana
Since 2007 education in the Czech Republic has followed a new curricular document called the Framework Education Programme for Elementary Education. This document has been amended and reviewed several times, most recently in September 2013. The key competencies that elementary school students should acquire include communicative competency, social and personal competency and civil competency. Their development is also supported by the educational area Man and Health and the educational field Health Education. The specific expected outcomes and content of this field of study include a very wide issue associated with health care in all bio-psycho-social aspects, promotion of healthy lifestyle and elimination of risk factors. They also include personality and social development and social issues including the prevention of risk behaviour and social–pathological phenomena. These issues are addressed both in the context of the education of pupils without specific educational needs and pupils with specific educational needs, e.g. at special schools. In the context of cooperation between educational institutions and professional subjects, particularly primary, but also the secondary and tertiary prevention, involves searching for an optimum solution in the area of risk behaviour or social–pathological phenomena.
The meaning of life, self esteem, and social support of homeless people
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Rosová, Dana; Orosová, Oľga; Žiaková, Eva
The aim of this research study was to examine the meaning of life for homeless people; examine the differences in their meaning of life in two aspects (the actual sense of life, and the long-term search for a comprehensive meaning of life) in relation to their gender and degree of satisfaction with social support in their environment. The goal of this research was to study the relationship between the components of self-image and the factors of the meaning of life. 104 homeless persons who took part in the research were from the Institute of Christ the High Priest (CHP) in Žakovce. 38% of the sample group were women, the average age of the sample group was 42.6, and the SD equalled 10.21. During the research, the respondents were presented with a survey questionnaire on the meaning of life (Steger, Frazier, Oishi, et al. 2006). The perceived level of surroundings’ social support was monitored by the question At how many percent are you satisfied with the number of persons whom you can rely on in times of trouble?...%, and self-image was studied by the Self methodology (Vasiľová, Bendžalová 2004). A distinctively higher level of planning for the future was observed among homeless males. Individuals who declared greater satisfaction with social support that they received from their surroundings also reported increased levels of a temporary sense of life as well as of a long-term search for a comprehensive meaning in life than the subjects reporting lower and medium levels of satisfaction with perceived social support. It was discovered, that the strongest relationship occurred between the self-image component of desire to help others and the actual meaning of life, and between the self-image component of happiness and the factor of searching for the meaning of life. The results suggested the importance of considering gender traits in measuring personal life satisfaction and a demand for the provision of social support and strengthening self-image in social work with homeless people.
Family in postmodern society
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2015) Kalábová, Helena; Jihlavec, Jan
The postmodern era, which we live in, is characterised by the demand for freedom. One person’s freedom ends where another person’s freedom begins. The idea of tolerating another person’s freedom is not new; it has its roots in the works of Thomas Hobbes whose political philosophy stands at the very beginning of the early modern period. The moral rules are strictly purposeful; they ensure balance – arrestment, which is in the best interest of all members of the world community. The fight against each other, selfishness and immorality are eventually to the detriment of the one who disturbs the balance. The 20th century, face to face with tragic events, brought forth a new concept of the world opening up the options of substantive quest for the essence of mankind – its domesticity, concentration and responsibility. Born into the time and space continuum of one’s life, human beings are subject to the life movement. The resource of potential for good and meaningful living, not only for the present but also – and above all – for future generations, is found in a family. Family is the environment where one can find the option and resource of a free relationship to each other, dignity, trust and self-confidence.

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